UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark one)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

OR

For the transition period from: to

ATOSSA THERAPEUTICS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

107 Spring Street

Seattle, WA 98104

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (206) 588-0256

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of June 30, 2023, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates was $159,504,497. Shares of common stock held by each officer and director and by each person who is known by the Company to own 10% or more of the outstanding common stock have been excluded, as such persons may be deemed to be affiliates of the Company. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination of affiliate status for other purposes.

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant's common stock, par value $0.18, as of March 15, 2024, was 125,304,064.

ATOSSA THERAPEUTICS, INC.
2023 ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K
TABLE OF CONTENTS

NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

All statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this Annual Report) that are not statements of historical fact, including statements regarding guidance, industry prospects or future results of operations or financial position, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the Securities Act) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act). We have made these statements in reliance on the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties, which could cause actual results, outcomes and the timing of results or outcomes to differ materially from those projected or anticipated. Although we believe that our assumptions underlying our forward-looking statements are reasonable as of the date of this Annual Report we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements set out in this Annual Report will prove to be accurate. We may identify these forward-looking statements by the use of forward-looking words, including, but not limited to, such as “expect,” “potential,” “continue,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “seek,” “intend,” “plan,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “future,” “believe,” “design,” “predict,” “potential” or the negative versions of these words or other similar expressions. Forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report include, but are not limited to, statements about:

This Annual Report also contains estimates and other statistical data provided by third-parties and by us relating to market size and growth, and other industry data. These and other forward-looking statements, unless otherwise indicated, are presented as of the date of the filing of this Annual Report. We have included important factors, risks and uncertainties in the cautionary statements included in this Annual Report, particularly in the sections titled “ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS,” “ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS,” and elsewhere in this Annual Report that we believe could cause our actual results, events or outcomes, or the timing of these results or outcomes, to differ materially from the anticipated results, events or outcomes, or the anticipated timing of these results or outcomes. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any new information, future events or circumstances that may affect our business after the date of this Annual Report. Except as required by law, we expressly disclaim any intent to update any forward-looking statements after the date on which the statement is made, whether as a result of new information, future events, future circumstances or otherwise.

CORPORATE INFORMATION

Our corporate website is located at www.atossatherapeutics.com. The information contained on or connected to our website is not deemed to be incorporated by reference into this Annual Report or filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC) and should not be considered part of this Annual Report. We make available, free of charge through our website or upon written request, our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and other periodic SEC reports, along with amendments to all of those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we file the reports with the SEC.

Unless otherwise noted, the terms “Atossa Therapeutics,” “Atossa,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Atossa Therapeutics, Inc., a Delaware corporation.

We are regulated by the FDA under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetics Act, as well as by other U.S. and foreign federal, state and local agencies.

This Annual Report includes trademarks, trade names and service marks of third-parties, which are the property of their respective owners. You are advised to read this Annual Report on Form 10-K in conjunction with other reports and documents that we file from time to time with the SEC.

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Overview

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing proprietary innovative medicines in areas of significant unmet medical need in oncology with a focus on women’s breast cancer and other breast conditions. Our lead drug candidate under development is oral (Z)-endoxifen, which we are developing for both the prevention and treatment of breast cancer.

Our business strategy is to advance our programs through clinical studies, including potentially with partners, and opportunistically add programs in areas of high unmet medical need through acquisition, minority investment, collaboration or internal development.

(Z)-endoxifen is an active metabolite of tamoxifen, which is an FDA-approved drug to treat and prevent breast cancer. Tamoxifen is a “pro-drug,” in that it must be metabolized into active components (“metabolites”) to be effective. Despite the success of tamoxifen in treating ER+ breast cancer, its systemic side effects have led to generally low acceptance as a therapy to reduce the risk of breast cancer. These systemic side effects relate to estrogen agonist activity on the endometrium and the activation of coagulation pathways, leading to an increased risk of uterine events and thromboembolism. Hot flashes and vaginal symptoms are additional barriers to tamoxifen being accepted in the prevention setting.

Other limiting aspects of tamoxifen are that some people lack liver enzymes to adequately metabolize it and it can take a long time for many patients to reach therapeutic levels. Up to 50% of breast cancer survivors who take tamoxifen do not achieve therapeutic (Z)-endoxifen levels (meaning they are “refractory”) for a number of reasons, including that they, due to their genotype, do not have the requisite liver enzymes. We believe our proprietary oral (Z)-endoxifen, in part because it is not a pro-drug and does not need to be metabolized by the liver, and may overcome some of the shortcomings of tamoxifen.

(Z)-endoxifen is a proprietary, novel Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM); which is a class of drugs that blocks estrogen from connecting with breast cancer cells, with the intent of keeping the cells from multiplying. We are developing oral (Z)-endoxifen for the potential prevention and treatment of breast cancer. We have completed four Phase 1 clinical studies (including a study in men) and two Phase 2 clinical studies with our proprietary (Z)-endoxifen (including oral and topical formulations). We have also developed clinical manufacturing capabilities through qualified third parties.

Summary of Leading Programs

(Z)-endoxifen is currently being investigated in four ongoing Phase 2 trials:

EVANGELINE. A Phase 2 randomized study of (Z)-endoxifen as a neoadjuvant treatment for pre-menopausal women with ER+ / Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 negative (HER2-) breast cancer. The EVANGELINE study is expected to enroll 180 patients at sites across the U.S.

The EVANGELINE study began enrolling patients in February 2023 as part of a 40mg pharmacokinetic (PK) run-in cohort to assess whether 40mg/day achieved plasma concentrations to optimally target protein kinase C beta (PKC-β) inhibition. The treatment was well tolerated and showed encouraging efficacy but did not reach the desired steady state plasma concentrations. Per the study protocol, an 80mg PK cohort run-in was initiated.

Targeting PKC-β could potentially further enhance (Z)-endoxifen’s antitumor mechanism of action. The opportunity is to induce apoptosis, which is programmed cell death where the malignant cells die. Apoptosis is the cellular equivalent of a self-destruct button and would be expected to lead to increased response rates evidenced by reduction or elimination of tumor lesions.

Karisma-Endoxifen.. A Phase 2 study investigating (Z)-endoxifen in premenopausal women with measurable breast density (MBD). Participants in the study are randomized into one of three cohorts to receive a placebo, or 1mg or 2mg of (Z)-endoxifen daily for six months. Mammograms are conducted to measure reduction in breast density over the treatment period and a final mammogram will be conducted at 24 months to assess the durability of density changes. The study fully enrolled in November 2023, and we expect primary data in the second half of 2024.

Almost half of the women in the world over the age of 40 have dense breasts and there are currently no approved treatments to reduce breast density. Elevated breast density can make a mammogram more difficult to interpret because dense breast tissue and some abnormal breast changes, such as calcifications and tumors, both which appear as white areas in the mammogram. In women with the highest density, approximately 50% of breast cancers are missed on a mammogram and diagnosed in the interval between two screening rounds. These are known as “interval cancers,” which are often larger, more advanced, and more difficult to treat. Additionally, women with the highest density are four to six times more likely to develop breast cancer in their lifetime compared to women with the least dense breasts.

As of September 10, 2024, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) will require mammogram providers to notify patients about the density of their breasts. The notification for patients with dense breasts will include a warning that dense tissue makes it

harder to find breast cancer on a mammogram and raises their risk of developing breast cancer. It will also encourage women with dense breast tissue to discuss the findings with their healthcare provider.

Based on input received in March 2020 from the FDA and Swedish Medical Products Agency, reduction in MBD may not be an approvable indication unless we can demonstrate that (Z)-endoxifen also reduces the incidence of breast cancer. We may therefore conduct additional studies of (Z)-endoxifen to assess its correlation with the risk of breast cancer and/or reduction in the incidence of new breast cancers.

I-SPY 2. A Phase 2 trial investigating (Z)-endoxifen in the neoadjuvant treatment setting, which is the window of time between a diagnosis and the primary treatment. The intent of neoadjuvant therapy is to slow the growth of the cancer or even shrink the cancer prior to surgery. Doing this helps surgery to be more effective and could alter the surgical approach; meaning some breast cancer patients could have a lumpectomy instead of a mastectomy. Neoadjuvant therapy has also been shown to reduce the likelihood that the cancer returns.

The I-Spy 2 trial is being conducted through a partnership with Quantum Leap Healthcare Collaborative, which was established in 2005 by medical researchers at University of California, San Francisco and Silicon Valley entrepreneurs to speed the development of innovative breast cancer therapies like (Z)-endoxifen. The platform trial is enrolling patients with newly diagnosed estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) invasive breast cancer. Participants in the (Z)-endoxifen arm are treated with 10mg daily for up to 24 weeks prior to surgery. Efficacy measures include reduction in Ki-67, a marker for tumor cell proliferation, and objective response rate as measured by MRI. The (Z)-endoxifen treatment cohort of 20 participants completed full enrollment in the first quarter of 2024 with data expected in the second half of 2024.

RECAST DCIS. A Phase 2 platform study investigating (Z)-endoxifen in women diagnosed with Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS). The goal of the study, which was initiated in October 2023, is to prevent the progression of DCIS to breast cancer. Participants receive six months of treatment with a 10 mg oral dose of (Z)-endoxifen daily with the intent of determining their suitability for long-term active surveillance without surgery. On February 22, 2024, the first patient was dosed with Atossa's proprietary SERM (Z)-endoxifen.

DCIS is the presence of abnormal cells inside a milk duct in the breast. It is considered to be the earliest form of breast cancer and is noninvasive, meaning it has not spread beyond the milk duct. DCIS is usually found during a mammogram done as part of breast cancer screening or to investigate a breast lump. There are approximately 63,000 DCIS diagnoses made each year in the United States alone.

Currently, there is no way to predict which patients diagnosed with DCIS will progress to invasive breast cancer. As a result, aggressive local therapy, identical to the way invasive breast cancer is treated, is the current standard of care. For most patients, this involves mastectomy or lumpectomy, radiation, and hormone therapy for five years. If treatment with (Z)-endoxifen can effectively halt the progression of DCIS, it would potentially spare a significant percentage of patients diagnosed with this disease from aggressive, invasive, or potentially unnecessary treatment.

Other Programs; Immunotherapy/CAR-T Programs

Other Program. On July 6, 2023, Atossa announced a strategic, sponsored research agreement with Weill Cornell Medicine to study the potential of inducing estrogen receptor expression in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The goal of the research is to determine if treating TNBC with extracellular vesicles carrying the estrogen receptor can change the cancer phenotype and turn on the estrogen receptor. Converting the tumor to ER+ would make it sensitive to hormone therapy, including treatment with (Z)-endoxifen. This could potentially fundamentally transform the treatment approach and outlook for patients diagnosed with TNBC.

Investment in CAR-T Company. On December 23, 2022, we closed our investment in DCT, a privately-held, venture-capital backed, developer of CAR-T therapies. DCT is in the pre-clinical phase of developing controllable CAR-T cells to address difficult-to-treat cancers. Its platform technology of dynamic control of engineered T-cells is designed to improve the safety, efficacy, and durability of CAR-T cell therapies. While its initial focus is hematologic malignancies, it's possible that its innovative approach could also have broad applicability in solid tumors and autoimmune diseases.

Much of the recent successes in the field of chimeric antigen receptor therapy, or CAR-T, has relied on the systemic delivery (for example, a needle injection into the blood stream) of the CAR-T which is intended to treat various non-solid tumor cancers, such as blood cancers. One concern with this systemic approach is that it does not target the location of the cancer and it can have adverse effects, including deadly “cytokine storms.” Moreover, CAR-T treatments delivered systemically can be as high as $500,000 per patient.

We have filed patent applications on a novel method to deliver CAR-T cells or other types of immunotherapy into the milk ducts of the breast, the location where most breast cancers originate for the potential targeted treatment of breast cancer. This approach uses targeted intraductal delivery of either T-cells that have been genetically modified to attack breast cancer cells or various other immune-therapies. We believe this intraductal method has several potential advantages, including the reduction of toxicity by limiting systemic exposure of the T-cells or immunotherapy; improved efficacy by placing the T-cells or immunotherapy in direct contact with the target ductal epithelial cells that are undergoing or have undergone malignant transformation; and, lymphatic migration of the

CAR-T cells or immunotherapy potentially extending their cytotoxic actions into the regional lymph system, which could limit tumor cell dissemination or metastasis. Moreover, our approach may be more cost effective if lower doses of therapy can be delivered compared to systemic CAR-T. We have not begun, and may not be successful in completing, pre-clinical and clinical studies of our CAR-T technology.

Markets

Potential Market Opportunities

We believe that, based in part on a study by Defined Health Inc. (now Lumanity), a leading market research firm, the potential U.S. market for our (Z)-endoxifen in the breast cancer treatment and prevention settings is up to $1 billion annually. The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates that in the U.S. in 2024, 310,720 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer and one in eight women will be diagnosed in their lifetime. Approximately 80% of breast cancers diagnosed are ER+.

Our Capital Resources

We have not yet established an ongoing source of revenue sufficient to cover our operating costs and allow us to continue as a going concern. Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on obtaining adequate capital to fund operating losses until we become profitable. We plan to obtain additional capital resources by selling our equity securities and borrowing from stockholders or others when needed. However, we cannot assure you that we will be successful in accomplishing any of these plans and, if we are unable to obtain adequate capital, we could be forced to curtail or suspend our business plans. We do not anticipate any revenue until our pharmaceutical programs are developed, including receipt of all necessary regulatory approvals, and we successfully commercialize these programs.

As of December 31, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $88.5 million.

Potential Uses of Capital Resources

We intend to use our capital resources to execute on our business plan, which may include acquiring or in-licensing additional programs. We may also use our capital resources to invest directly or indirectly in business opportunities in healthcare or other industries including through purchases of equity in other companies. These investments may include investing in special purpose acquisition companies either as a sponsor or as an equity investor. Our business plan may evolve to require more capital resources than currently contemplated either because our existing programs progress more quickly or at a greater cost than currently anticipated or because we may add additional programs.

Research and Development Phase

We are in the research and development phase and are not currently marketing any products or services. We do not anticipate generating revenue unless and until we develop and launch our pharmaceutical programs.

Research and development (R&D) costs are generally expensed as incurred. R&D expenses include, for example, manufacturing expense for our drugs under development, expenses associated with clinical trials and associated salaries and benefits. We have entered into various research and development contracts with research institutions, clinical research organizations, clinical manufacturing organizations and other companies. Payments for these activities are based on the terms of the individual agreements, which may differ from the pattern of costs incurred, and payments made in advance of performance are reflected in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets as prepaid expenses. We accrue for estimated costs incurred for ongoing research and development activities. When evaluating the adequacy of the accrued expenses, we analyze the progress of the services, including the phase or completion of events, invoices received and contracted costs. Significant judgments and estimates may be made in determining the prepaid expense or accrued expense balances at the end of any reporting period. Actual results could differ from our estimates.

R&D expenses also include an allocation of the CEO's salary and related benefits, including bonus and non-cash stock-based compensation expense based on an estimate of total hours expended on research and development activities. Our CEO is involved in the development of the Company's drug candidates and oversight of the related clinical trial activity.

Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were approximately $17.3 million and $15.1 million, respectively.

Intellectual Property

Intellectual property is important to our business and our future income streams will depend, in part, on our ability to obtain and maintain patents. We strive to protect our proprietary technology and innovations that we consider commercially valuable with respect to the development of our business, including by pursuing, maintaining, and defending certain of our U.S. and international patent rights that we have identified as material to our business. We also rely on trade secrets, know-how, continuing technological innovation and licensing of intellectual property from third parties as needed to support and strengthen our position in the field.

Our future commercial success depends, in part, on our ability to obtain and maintain patent and other proprietary protection for our commercially relevant technology, inventions, and know-how related to our business as well as our ability to defend and enforce our intellectual property rights, preserve the confidentiality of our trade secrets, and operate without infringing, misappropriating, or violating the valid and enforceable patents, issued patents and other proprietary rights of third parties.

We own patents directed to (Z)-endoxifen and other therapies as well as patent applications directed to (Z)-endoxifen, immunotherapies such as CAR-T therapies, and other therapies. We commonly seek patent claims directed to compositions of matter, including for (Z)-endoxifen, as well as methods of making and using such compositions. For each of our product candidates, we have filed multiple patent applications and expect to file additional patent applications. As of February 2, 2024, based on a review of our patent portfolio, we own and maintain 11 issued patents (four U.S. patents and seven international patents) and are pursuing 68 pending patent applications (22 U.S. patent applications and 46 international patent applications) directed to our (Z)-endoxifen therapies, immunotherapies such as CAR-T therapies, and other therapies. We continue to evaluate our patent portfolio on an ongoing basis and are no longer pursuing or maintaining patents, patent applications, or technologies that we have determined are no longer core to our business as a result of evolving business goals.

As of February 2, 2024, the following are the estimated number of patents we own related to our programs that we are currently pursuing.

Manufacturing, Clinical Studies and Associated Operations

Our drug development strategy utilizes third-party contractors for the procurement and manufacture, as applicable, of raw materials, active pharmaceutical ingredients and finished drug products, as well as for storage, and distribution of our products and associated supply chain operations. We also rely on third-parties to conduct nonclinical and clinical studies of our drugs under development. As our development programs advance, we expect that our manufacturing, pre-clinical and clinical studies, and related operational requirements will correspondingly increase. We require that each third-party contractor is qualified by Atossa subject matter experts prior to signing any service agreement and initiating any third-party work.

Integral to our development strategy is our quality program, which includes standard operating procedures and specifications with the goal that our work complies with Good Clinical Practices (GCP), Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) and Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP), and other applicable global regulations, when appropriate. We expect and confirm that selected service providers meet or exceed our expectations for compliance with these standards in providing services and products that meet our requirements.

We believe our operational strategy of utilizing qualified contractors and suppliers in the foregoing manner allows us to direct our financial and managerial resources to research and development and commercialization activities, rather than to the establishment and maintenance of manufacturing and clinical infrastructure.

Government Regulation

Drug Regulations

We are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and other federal, state, and local regulatory agencies. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or the FDCA, and its implementing regulations set forth, among other things, regulations for the execution of clinical studies, and the requirements for the testing, development, manufacture, quality control, safety, effectiveness, approval, labeling, storage, record keeping, reporting, distribution, import, export, advertising and promotion of our products. Our activities in other countries will be subject to regulation that is similar in nature and scope as that imposed in the U.S., although there can be important differences. Additionally, some significant aspects of regulation in the E.U. are addressed in a centralized procedure through the Europe Medicines Agency (EMA) and the European Commission, but country-specific regulation by the competent authorities of the E.U. member states remain essential in many respects. Also see the “Non-U.S. Regulation” section below in connection with the position in the United Kingdom (UK).

U.S. Regulations

In the U.S., the FDA regulates drugs under the FDCA and its implementing regulations, through review and ultimately approval of the New Drug Applications (NDAs). NDAs require extensive studies and submission of a large amount of data by the applicant, which is an amalgamation of data obtained under Investigational New Drug Applications (INDs) and other supporting available information. For a discussion of U.S. privacy laws, see “Privacy and Security of Health Information and Personal Information; Standard Transactions” below.

Drug Development

Nonclinical Testing. Before testing any compound in human subjects in the U.S., extensive nonclinical data are required. Nonclinical testing generally consists of safety, toxicology and pharmacology studies in animals. Many of these studies must be performed in compliance with the FDA’s GLP regulations and the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Animal Welfare Act.

IND Application. In nearly all cases, human clinical trials in the U.S. cannot commence until an IND is submitted to the FDA for review and a “Safe to Proceed” letter has been provided to the sponsor. The sponsor must prepare a dossier of information that includes the results of nonclinical studies; detailed drug manufacturing information and test results; and proposed clinical studies, design and development strategy. The FDA then evaluates if there is an adequate basis for testing the drug in an initial (human) clinical study. Unless the FDA raises concerns, the IND application becomes effective 30 days following its receipt by the FDA at which time written notification is provided. Once human clinical trials have commenced, the sponsor is obligated to report serious side and unexpected effects to the FDA. The FDA may suspend a clinical trial by placing it on “clinical hold” if the FDA has concerns about the safety of the product being tested, subject risks, investigator actions, related product information or for other reasons.

Clinical Trials. Clinical trials involve the administration of the drug to healthy human volunteers or to patients, under the supervision of a qualified investigator according to a vetted and approved protocol.

The conduct of clinical trials is subject to extensive regulation, including compliance with the FDA’s bioresearch monitoring regulations and GCP requirements, which establish standards for conducting, recording data from and reporting the results of, clinical trials, and are intended to assure that the data and reported results are credible and accurate, and that the rights, safety, and well-being of study participants are protected. Clinical trials must be conducted under written and approved protocols that detail the study objectives, parameters for monitoring safety, and the efficacy criteria, if any, to be evaluated. Each protocol is reviewed by the FDA as part of the IND application. In addition, each clinical trial must be reviewed, approved, and conducted under the auspices of an institutional review board, or IRB. Companies sponsoring the clinical trials, investigators, and IRBs also must comply with regulations and guidelines for obtaining informed consent from the study subjects, complying with the protocol and investigational plan, adequately monitoring the clinical trial and timely reporting adverse events. Foreign studies conducted under an IND application must meet the same requirements that apply to studies being conducted in the U.S. Data from a foreign study not conducted under an IND application may be submitted in support of an NDA if the study was conducted in accordance with GCP and the FDA is able to validate the data from the study through an onsite inspection if it deems such inspection necessary.

A study sponsor is required to submit certain details about applicable active clinical trials and clinical trial results to the National Institutes of Health for public posting on http://clinicaltrials.gov. Human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases, although the phases may overlap with one another:

The sponsoring company, the FDA or the IRB may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the subjects are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Further, success in early-stage clinical trials does not assure success in later-stage clinical trials. Data obtained from clinical activities are not always conclusive and may be subject to alternative interpretations that could delay, limit, or prevent regulatory approval.

There are regulatory pathways that can accelerate the speed with which a product can be developed, including a Special Protocol Assessment (SPA), break-through therapy designation, among others. The designations are obtained from the FDA on a case-by-case basis and do not guarantee the ultimate approval of a product for commercialization.

Drug Approval

Assuming successful completion of the required clinical testing, the results of the preclinical studies and of the clinical trials, together with other detailed information, including information on the manufacture and composition of the investigational product, are submitted to the FDA in the form of an NDA requesting approval to market the product for one or more indications. The testing and approval process requires substantial time, effort and financial resources. Submission of an NDA requires payment of a review user fee to the FDA, which will be $4.0 million for fiscal year 2024. The FDA will review the application and may deem it to be inadequate to support commercial marketing, and there can be no assurance that any product approval will be granted on a timely basis, if at all. The FDA may also seek the advice of an advisory committee, typically a panel of clinicians practicing in the field for which the product is intended, for review, evaluation and a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of the advisory committee.

In addition, the Pediatric Research Equity Act (“PREA”) requires a sponsor to conduct pediatric clinical trials for most drugs, including for a new active ingredient, new indication, new dosage form, new dosing regimen or new route of administration. Under PREA, original NDAs and supplements thereto must contain a pediatric assessment unless the sponsor has received a deferral or waiver. The required assessment must evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the product for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations and support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the product is safe and effective. The sponsor or FDA may request a deferral of pediatric clinical trials for some or all of the pediatric subpopulations. A deferral may be granted for several reasons, including a finding that the drug is ready for approval for use in adults before pediatric clinical trials are complete or that additional safety or effectiveness data needs to be collected before the pediatric clinical trials begin.

The FDA has various programs, including break-through therapy, fast track, priority review and accelerated approval that are intended to expedite or simplify the process for reviewing drugs and/or provide for approval on the basis of surrogate endpoints. Generally, drugs that may be eligible for one or more of these programs are those for serious or life-threatening conditions, those with the potential to address unmet medical needs and those that provide meaningful benefit over existing treatments. We cannot be sure that any of our drugs will qualify for any of these programs, or that, if a drug does qualify, the review time will be reduced, or the product will be approved.

Before approving an NDA, the FDA usually inspects the clinical sites with the greatest accrual to confirm the veracity of the clinical data, execution of the clinical study and protection of patient safety. The FDA will inspect the facility or the facilities where the product is manufactured, tested and distributed. Approval is not granted if these inspections raise concerns about the execution of the clinical studies or there is a lack of cGMP compliance. If the FDA evaluates the NDA and determines the clinical trial execution and manufacturing facilities as acceptable, the FDA may issue an approval letter. If the NDA is not approved, the FDA issues a complete response letter which is only issued for applications that are not approved. The approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug for specific indications. As a condition of approval, the FDA may require post-marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the product’s safety or efficacy or impose other post-approval commitment conditions.

In some circumstances, post-marketing testing may include post-approval clinical trials, sometimes referred to as Phase 4 clinical trials, which are used primarily to gain additional experience from the treatment of patients in the intended population, particularly for long-term safety follow-up. In addition, the FDA may require a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS, to ensure that the benefits outweigh the risks. A REMS can include medication guides, physician communication plans and elements to assure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries or other risk mitigation tools.

After approval, certain changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications, making certain manufacturing changes or making certain additional labeling claims, are subject to further FDA review and approval. Obtaining approval for a new indication generally requires that additional clinical trials be conducted.

Post-Approval Requirements

Holders of an approved NDA are required to, among other things: (i) report certain adverse reactions to the FDA; (ii) comply with certain requirements concerning advertising and promotional labeling for their products; and (iii) continue to have cGMP compliance and all aspects of product manufacturing in a “state of control.” The FDA periodically inspects the sponsor’s records related to safety reporting and/or manufacturing and distribution facilities; this latter effort includes assessment of compliance with cGMP. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the area of production, quality control and distribution to maintain cGMP compliance. Future FDA inspections may identify compliance issues at manufacturing facilities that may disrupt production or distribution or require substantial resources to correct. In addition, discovery of problems with a product after approval may result in restrictions on a product, manufacturer or holder of an approved NDA, including withdrawal of the product from the market.

Post-approval modifications to the drug product candidate, such as changes in indications, labeling or manufacturing processes or facilities, may require a sponsor to develop additional data or conduct additional preclinical or clinical trials, to be submitted in a new or supplemental NDA, which would require FDA approval.

Marketing of prescription drugs is also subject to significant regulation through federal and state agencies tasked with consumer protection and prevention of medical fraud, waste and abuse. After approval in the U.S., we must comply with FDA’s regulation of drug promotion and advertising, including restrictions on off-label promotion, and comply with federal anti-kickback statutes, limitations on gifts and payments to physicians and reporting of payments to certain third-parties, among other requirements.

Failure to comply with applicable U.S. requirements may subject us to administrative or judicial sanctions, such as clinical holds, FDA refusal to approve pending NDAs or supplemental applications, warning letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions and/or criminal prosecution.

Non-U.S. Regulation

Before our products can be marketed outside of the U.S., they are subject to regulatory approval similar to that required in the U.S., although the requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, including additional clinical trials that may be required, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary widely from country to country. No action can be taken to market any product in a country until an appropriate application has been approved by the regulatory authorities in that country. The current approval process varies from country to country, and the time spent in gaining approval varies from that required for FDA approval. In certain countries, the sales price of a product must also be approved. The pricing review period often begins after market approval is granted. Even if a product is approved by a regulatory authority, satisfactory prices may not be approved for such product.

Drug Marketing Authorization. In the E.U., which includes Sweden where our (Z)-endoxifen breast density study is being conducted, and in Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein (together, the European Economic Area or EEA), after completion of all required clinical testing, medicinal products may only be placed on the market after obtaining a Marketing Authorization (MA). To obtain a MA of a drug under European Union regulatory systems, an applicant can submit a Marketing Authorization Application (MAA), through, amongst others, a centralized or decentralized procedure.

Centralized Authorization Procedure. In the E.U., marketing authorizations for medicinal products can be obtained through several different procedures founded on the same basic regulatory process. The centralized procedure provides for the grant of a single MA that is issued by the European Commission (the EC) following the scientific assessment of the application by the European Medicines Agency (the EMA) that is valid for all E.U. Member States as well as in the three additional EEA Member States. The centralized procedure is mandatory for certain medicinal products, including for medicines developed by means of certain biotechnological processes, products designated as orphan medicinal products, advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMP), and medicinal products with an active substance authorized in the E.U. after May 20, 2004 which is intended for the treatment of certain diseases (e.g., AIDS, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, auto-immune and viral diseases). For medicinal products containing a new active substance not yet authorized in the EEA on May 20, 2004 and indicated for the treatment of other diseases, medicinal products that constitute significant therapeutic, scientific or technical innovations, or for which the grant of a MA through the centralized procedure would be in the interest of public or animal health at the E.U. level, an applicant may voluntarily submit an application for a marketing authorization through the centralized procedure.

Under the centralized procedure, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (the CHMP), established at the EMA, is responsible for conducting the initial assessment of a drug. The CHMP is also responsible for several post-authorization and maintenance activities, such as the assessment of modifications or extensions to an existing marketing authorization. Under the centralized procedure, the timeframe for the evaluation of an MAA by the EMA’s CHMP is, in principle, 210 days from receipt of a valid MAA. However, this timeline excludes clock stops, when additional written or oral information is to be provided by the applicant in response to questions asked by the CHMP, so the overall process typically takes a year or more, unless the application is eligible for an accelerated assessment. Accelerated evaluation might be granted by the CHMP in exceptional cases, when a medicinal product is expected to be of a major public health interest, particularly from the point of view of therapeutic innovation. Upon request, the CHMP can reduce the time frame to 150 days if the applicant provides sufficient justification for an accelerated assessment. The CHMP will provide a positive opinion regarding the application only if it meets certain quality, safety and efficacy requirements. This

opinion is then transmitted to the EC, which has the ultimate authority for granting MA within 67 days after receipt of the CHMP opinion.

Decentralized Authorization Procedure. Medicines that fall outside the mandatory scope of the centralized procedure have three routes to authorization: (i) they can be authorized under the centralized procedure if they concern a significant therapeutic, scientific or technical innovation, or if their authorization would be in the interest of public health; (ii) they can be authorized under a decentralized procedure where an applicant applies for simultaneous authorization in more than one E.U. member state; or (iii) they can be authorized in an E.U. member state in accordance with that state’s national procedures and then be authorized in other E.U. countries by a procedure whereby the countries concerned agree to recognize the validity of the original, national marketing authorization (mutual recognition procedure).

The decentralized procedure permits companies to file identical MA applications for a medicinal product to the competent authorities in various E.U. Member States simultaneously if such medicinal product has not received marketing approval in any E.U. Member State before. This procedure is available for medicinal products not falling within the mandatory scope of the centralized procedure. The competent authority of a single E.U. Member State, known as the reference E.U. Member State, is appointed to review the application and provide an assessment report. Under this procedure, an applicant submits an application based on identical dossiers and related materials, including a draft summary of product characteristics, and draft labeling and package leaflet, to the reference E.U. Member State and concerned E.U. Member States. The reference E.U. Member State prepares a draft assessment report and drafts of the related materials within 120 days after receipt of a valid application. Subsequently each concerned E.U. Member State must decide whether to approve the assessment report and related materials. If an E.U. Member State cannot approve the assessment report and related materials on the grounds of potential serious risk to public health, the disputed points are subject to a dispute resolution mechanism and may eventually be referred to the EC, whose decision is binding for all E.U. Member States.

Risk Management Plan. All new MAAs must include a Risk Management Plan (RMP), describing the risk management system that the company will put in place and documenting measures to prevent or minimize the risks associated with the product. RMPs are continually modified and updated throughout the lifetime of the medicine as new information becomes available. We need to submit an updated RMP: (i) at the request of EMA or a national competent authority, or (ii) whenever the risk-management system is modified, especially as the result of new information being received that may lead to a significant change to the benefit-risk profile or as a result of an important pharmacovigilance or risk-minimization milestone being reached. The regulatory authorities may also impose specific obligations as a condition of the MA. Since October 20, 2023, all RMPs for centrally authorized products are published by the EMA, subject to only limited redactions.

MA Validity Period. Marketing Authorizations have an initial duration of five years. After these five years, the authorization may subsequently be renewed on the basis of a reevaluation of the risk-benefit balance. Once renewed, the MA is valid for an unlimited period unless the EC or the national competent authority decides, on justified grounds relating to pharmacovigilance, to proceed with only one additional five-year renewal. Applications for renewal must be made to the EMA at least nine months before the five-year period expires.

Exceptional Circumstances/Conditional Approval. Similar to accelerated approval regulations in the U.S., conditional marketing authorizations can be granted in the E.U. by the European Commission in exceptional circumstances. A conditional marketing authorization can be granted for medicinal products where, although comprehensive clinical data referring to the safety and efficacy of the medicinal product have not been supplied, a number of criteria are fulfilled, including: (i) the benefit/risk balance of the product is positive, (ii) it is likely that the applicant will be in a position to provide the comprehensive clinical data, (iii) unmet medical needs will be fulfilled by the grant of the MA and (iv) the benefit to public health of the immediate availability on the market of the medicinal product concerned outweighs the risk inherent in the fact that additional data are still required. A conditional marketing authorization must be renewed annually.

Pricing and Reimbursement Environment. Even if a medicinal product obtains a marketing authorization in the E.U., there can be no assurance that reimbursement for such product will be secured on a timely basis or at all. Individual countries comprising the E.U. member states, rather than the E.U., have jurisdiction across the region over patient reimbursement or pricing matters. Therefore, we will need to expend significant effort and expense to establish and maintain reimbursement arrangements in the various countries comprising the E.U. and may never succeed in obtaining widespread reimbursement arrangements therein.

The national authorities of the individual E.U. Member States are free to restrict the range of medicinal products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices and/or reimbursement of medicinal products for human use. Some E.U. Member States adopt policies according to which a specific price or level of reimbursement is approved for the medicinal product. Other E.U. Member States adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company placing the medicinal product on the market, including volume-based arrangements, caps and reference pricing mechanisms.

Reference pricing used by various E.U. Member States and parallel distribution, or arbitrage between low-priced and high-priced member states, can further reduce prices. In some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical study or other studies that compare the cost-effectiveness of our product candidates, if any, to other available therapies in order to obtain or maintain reimbursement or pricing approval. There can be no assurance that any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for medicinal products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements for any of our products. Historically, medicinal

products launched in the E.U. do not follow price structures of the U.S. and generally published and actual prices tend to be significantly lower. Publication of discounts by third party payers or authorities and public tenders may lead to further pressure on the prices or reimbursement levels within the country of publication and other countries.

Health Technology Assessment (HTA) of medicinal products is becoming an increasingly common part of the pricing and reimbursement procedures in some E.U. Member States, including France, Germany, Ireland, Italy and Sweden. The HTA process, which is governed by the national laws of these countries, is the procedure according to which the assessment of the public health impact, therapeutic impact and the economic and societal impact of use of a given medicinal product in the national healthcare systems of the individual country is conducted. The extent to which pricing and reimbursement decisions are influenced by the HTA of the specific medicinal product vary between E.U. Member States. The HTA generally focuses on the clinical efficacy and effectiveness, safety, cost and cost-effectiveness of individual medicinal products as well as their potential implications for the healthcare system. Those elements of medicinal products are compared with other treatment options available on the market. The outcome of HTA regarding specific medicinal products will often influence the pricing and reimbursement status granted to medicinal products by the regulatory authorities of individual E.U. Member States. A negative HTA of one of our products by a leading and recognized HTA body could not only undermine our ability to obtain reimbursement for such product in the E.U. Member State in which such negative assessment was issued, but also in other E.U. Member States. For example, E.U. Member States that have not yet developed HTA mechanisms could rely to some extent on the HTA performed in other countries with a developed HTA framework, when adopting decisions concerning the pricing and reimbursement of a specific medicinal product.

On January 31, 2018, the European Commission adopted a proposal for a regulation on health technology assessment. This legislative proposal is intended to boost E.U. level cooperation among E.U. Member States in assessing health technologies, including new medicinal products, and providing the basis for cooperation at the E.U. level for joint clinical assessments in these areas. The proposal provides that E.U. Member States will be able to use common HTA tools, methodologies and procedures across the European Union, working together in four main areas, including joint clinical assessment of the innovative health technologies with the most potential impact for patients, joint scientific consultations whereby developers can seek advice from HTA authorities, identification of emerging health technologies to identify promising technologies early, and continuing voluntary cooperation in other areas. Individual E.U. Member States will continue to be responsible for assessing non-clinical (e.g., economic, social, ethical) aspects of health technology, and making decisions on pricing and reimbursement. While E.U. Member States could choose to delay participation in the joint work until three years after the rules enter into force, it will become mandatory after six years. The European Commission has stated that the role of the HTA regulation is not to influence pricing and reimbursement decisions in the individual E.U. Member States, but there can be no assurance that the HTA regulation will not have effects on pricing and reimbursement decisions. The HTA entered into force on January 11, 2022 and applies as of January 2025 followed by a further three-year transitional period during which E.U. member states must fully adapt to the new system.

To obtain, reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, including the E.U. Member States, we may be required to conduct studies that compare the cost-effectiveness of our product candidates to other therapies that are considered the local standard of care. There can be no assurance that any country will allow favorable pricing, reimbursement and market access conditions for any of our products, or that we will be feasible to conduct additional cost-effectiveness studies, if required.

In certain of the E.U. Member States, medicinal products that are designated as orphan medicinal products may be exempted or waived from having to provide certain clinical, cost-effectiveness and other economic data in connection with their filings for pricing/reimbursement approval.

Post-Approval Regulation

Similarly, to the U.S., both marketing authorization holders and manufacturers of medicinal products are subject to comprehensive regulatory oversight by the EMA, the EC and/or the competent regulatory authorities of the individual E.U. Member States. This oversight applies both before and after grant of the manufacturing licenses and marketing authorizations. It includes control of compliance with E.U. good manufacturing practices rules, manufacturing authorizations, pharmacovigilance rules and requirements governing advertising, promotion, sale, and distribution, recordkeeping, importing and exporting of medicinal products.

Failure by us or by any of our third-party partners, including suppliers, manufacturers and distributors to comply with E.U. laws and the related national laws of individual E.U. Member States governing the conduct of clinical trials, manufacturing approval, marketing authorization of medicinal products and marketing of such products, both before and after grant of marketing authorization, statutory health insurance, bribery and anti-corruption or other applicable regulatory requirements may result in administrative, civil or criminal penalties. These penalties could include delays or refusal to authorize the conduct of clinical trials or to grant marketing authorization, product withdrawals and recalls, product seizures, suspension, withdrawal or variation of the marketing authorization, total or partial suspension of production, distribution, manufacturing or clinical trials, operating restrictions, injunctions, suspension of licenses, fines and criminal penalties.

The holder of an E.U. marketing authorization for a medicinal product must also comply with E.U. pharmacovigilance legislation and its related regulations and guidelines, which entail many requirements for conducting pharmacovigilance, or the assessment and monitoring of the safety of medicinal products.

These pharmacovigilance rules can impose on central marketing authorization holders for medicinal products the obligation to conduct a labor-intensive collection of data regarding the risks and benefits of marketed products and to engage in ongoing assessments of those risks and benefits, including the possible requirement to conduct additional clinical studies or post-authorization safety studies to obtain further information on a medicine’s safety, or to measure the effectiveness of risk-management measures, which may be time consuming and expensive and could impact our profitability. MA holders must establish and maintain a pharmacovigilance system and appoint an individual qualified person for pharmacovigilance, who is responsible for oversight of that system. Key obligations include expedited reporting of suspected serious adverse reactions and submission of Periodic Safety Update Reports (PSURs) in relation to medicinal products for which they hold MAs. The EMA reviews PSURs for medicinal products authorized through the centralized procedure. If the EMA has concerns that the risk benefit profile of a product has varied, it can adopt an opinion advising that the existing MA for the product be suspended, withdrawn or varied. The agency can advise that the MA holder be obliged to conduct post-authorization Phase IV safety studies. If the EC agrees with the opinion, it can adopt a decision varying the existing MA. Failure by the MA holder to fulfill the obligations for which the EC’s decision provides can undermine the ongoing validity of the MA.

More generally, non-compliance with pharmacovigilance obligations can lead to the variation, suspension or withdrawal of the marketing authorization for the product or imposition of financial penalties or other enforcement.

The manufacturing process for medicinal products in the E.U. is highly regulated: regulators may shut down manufacturing facilities that they believe do not comply with regulations. Manufacturing requires a manufacturing authorization, and the manufacturing authorization holder must comply with various requirements set out in the applicable E.U. laws, regulations and guidance, including Directive 2001/83/EC, Directive 2003/94/EC, Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 and the European Commission Guidelines for Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP). These requirements include compliance with E.U. GMP standards when manufacturing medicinal products and active pharmaceutical ingredients, including the manufacture of active pharmaceutical ingredients outside of the E.U. with the intention to import the active pharmaceutical ingredients into the E.U. Similarly, the distribution of medicinal products into and within the E.U. is subject to compliance with the applicable E.U. laws, regulations and guidelines, including the requirement to hold appropriate authorizations for distribution granted by the competent authorities of the E.U. Member States. The manufacturer or importer must have a qualified person who is responsible for certifying that each batch of product has been manufactured in accordance with GMP, before releasing the product for commercial distribution in the E.U. or for use in a clinical trial. Manufacturing facilities are subject to periodic inspections by the competent authorities for compliance with GMP.

Sales and Marketing Regulations

In the E.U., the advertising and promotion of our products are subject to E.U. and E.U. Member States’ laws governing promotion of medicinal products, interactions with physicians, misleading and comparative advertising and unfair commercial practices. In addition, other legislation adopted by individual E.U. Member States may apply to the advertising and promotion of medicinal products and may differ from one country to another. These laws require that promotional materials and advertising in relation to medicinal products comply with the product’s Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) as approved by the competent authorities. The SmPC is the document that provides information to physicians concerning the safe and effective use of the medicinal product. It forms an intrinsic and integral part of the marketing authorization granted for the medicinal product. Promotion of a medicinal product that does not comply with the SmPC is considered to constitute off-label promotion. All advertising and promotional activities for the product must be consistent with the approved SmPC and therefore all off-label promotion of medicinal products is prohibited. Direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription-only medicinal products is also prohibited in the E.U. Violations of the rules governing the promotion of medicinal products in the E.U. could be penalized by administrative measures, fines and imprisonment. These laws may further limit or restrict the advertising and promotion of our products to the general public and may also impose limitations on our promotional activities with health care professionals.

Anti-Corruption Legislation

Our business activities outside of the U.S. are subject to anti-bribery or anti-corruption laws, regulations, industry self-regulation codes of conduct, and physicians’ codes of professional conduct or rules of other countries in which we operate, including the U.K. Bribery Act of 2010.

Interactions between pharmaceutical companies and physicians are also governed by strict laws, regulations, industry self-regulation codes of conduct and physicians’ codes of professional conduct developed at both the E.U. level and in the individual E.U. Member States. The provision of benefits or advantages to physicians to induce or encourage the prescription, recommendation, endorsement, purchase, supply, order or use of medicinal products is prohibited in the E.U. The provision of benefits or advantages to physicians is also governed by the national anti-bribery laws of the E.U. Member States. Violation of these laws could result in substantial fines and imprisonment. Payments made to physicians in certain E.U. Member States also must be publicly disclosed. Moreover, agreements with physicians must often be the subject of prior notification and approval by the physician’s employer, his/her competent professional organization, and/or the competent authorities of the individual E.U. Member States. These requirements are provided in the national laws, industry codes or professional codes of conduct, applicable in the individual E.U.

Member States. Failure to comply with these requirements could result in reputational risk, public reprimands, administrative penalties, fines or imprisonment.

Data Privacy and Protection

Data protection laws and regulations have been adopted at the E.U. level, with related implementing laws in individual E.U. Member States which impose significant compliance obligations. The E.U. has adopted a comprehensive overhaul of its data protection regime from an E.U. Data Protection Directive with national legislative approaches to a single European Economic Area Privacy Regulation, the General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679/E.U. (GDPR), which came into effect on May 25, 2018. The GDPR extends the scope of the E.U. data protection law to the processing of personal data carried out by companies not established in the E.U., where such processing relates to (a) the offering of goods or services to data subjects who are in the E.U., or (b) the monitoring of the behavior of data subjects who are in the E.U. It imposes a strict data protection compliance regime with severe penalties of up to the greater of 4% of total worldwide annual turnover of the preceding financial year and €20 million, and it provides for new rights (such as the “right to be forgotten” and “portability” of personal data), obligations related to the implementation of appropriate security measures, personal data breach notification requirements, as well as restrictions on the processing of health data. E.U. Member States may also impose additional requirements in relation to health, genetic and biometric data through their national implementing legislation.

Furthermore, there is a growth towards the public disclosure of clinical trial data in the E.U. which also adds to the complexity of processing health data from clinical trials. Such public disclosure obligations are provided in the new E.U. Clinical Trials Regulation, EMA disclosure initiatives, and voluntary commitments by industry. Data protection authorities from the different E.U. Member States may interpret the GDPR differently, which adds to the complexity of processing personal data in the E.U., and guidance on implementation and compliance practices are often updated or otherwise revised.

In addition, the GDPR imposes specific restrictions on transfer of personal data to countries outside of the EEA that are not considered by the European Commission to provide an adequate level of data protection. Appropriate safeguards are required to enable such transfers. Among the appropriate safeguards that can be used, the data exporter may use standard contractual clauses (SCCs). When relying on SCCs, the data exporters are also required to conduct a transfer risk assessment to verify if anything in the law and/or practices of the third country may impinge on the effectiveness of the SCCs in the context of the transfer at stake and, if so, to identify and adopt supplementary measures that are necessary to bring the level of protection of the data transferred to the E.U. standard of essential equivalence. Where no supplementary measure is suitable, the data exporter should avoid, suspend or terminate the transfer. With respect to transfers to the U.S., on July 10, 2023, the European Commission adopted its adequacy decision for the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework. This decision concludes that the U.S. provides an adequate level of protection for personal data transferred from the EEA to U.S. entities which have self-certified their compliance with the new EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework. On the basis of the new adequacy decision, personal data can flow from the EEA to U.S. companies participating in the framework.

United Kingdom (UK)

The UK formally left the E.U. on January 31, 2020 (Brexit). E.U. laws now only apply to the UK with respect to Northern Ireland as laid out in the Protocol on Ireland and Northern Ireland, as amended by the Windsor Framework, agreed to by the UK and the E.U. on February 27, 2023.

The E.U. and the UK have also agreed to a trade and cooperation agreement (TCA), which includes provisions affecting the life sciences industry (including regarding customs and tariffs). It includes certain provisions concerning pharmaceuticals, including the mutual recognition of GMP, inspections of manufacturing facilities for medicinal products and issued GMP documents. The TCA does not, however, contain wholesale mutual recognition of UK and E.U. pharmaceutical regulations and product standards.

Medicines are approved and licensed in the UK (excluding Northern Ireland) by the UK’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). Under the Windsor Framework, from January 1, 2025, the EMA will no longer have a role in approving or licensing new drugs for provision in Northern Ireland; medicines will need to be approved and licensed on a UK-wide basis by the MHRA, with medicines using the same packaging and labelling across the UK.

The UK government has adopted the Medicines and Medical Devices Act 2021 (MMDA) to enable the UK’s regulatory frameworks to be updated following the UK’s departure from the E.U. The MMDA introduces regulation-making, delegated powers covering the fields of human medicines, clinical trials of human medicines, veterinary medicines and medical devices. The MHRA has since been consulting on future regulations for medicines and medical devices in the UK.

Additionally, following Brexit, companies also have to comply with the UK’s data protection laws, including the UK GDPR, which is based on the GDPR.

Privacy and Security of Health Information and Personal Information; Standard Transactions

We are subject to state and federal laws and implementing regulations relating to the privacy and security of the medical information of the patients we treat. The principal federal legislation is the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009 (collectively, HIPAA).

Pursuant to HIPAA, the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), has issued final regulations designed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the healthcare system by facilitating the electronic exchange of information in certain financial and administrative transactions, while protecting the privacy and security of the patient information exchanged.

State statutes and regulations also regulate the privacy and security of patients’ medical and health information, that is not regulated by HIPAA. These laws vary from state to state, and impose a range of obligations. For instance, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (CCPA), as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act of 2020 (CPRA), applies to personal data of consumers, business representatives, and employees, and imposes obligations on certain businesses that do business in California, including to provide specific disclosures in privacy notices, rights to California residents in relation to their personal information. Health information falls under the CCPA/CPRA’s definition of personal information where it identifies, relates to, describes, or is reasonably capable of being associated with or could reasonably be linked with a particular consumer or household—unless it is subject to HIPAA—and is included under a new category of personal information, “sensitive personal information,” which is offered greater protection. A similar law in Virginia went into effect on January 1, 2023 and in Colorado and Connecticut on July 1, 2023, and similar laws also have passed in other states, including in Delaware, Indiana, Iowa, Montana, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas and Utah. Comprehensive privacy laws also have been proposed in other states and at the federal level, reflecting a trend toward more stringent privacy legislation in the U.S. Some of these laws and regulations impose different, and in certain instances, more stringent requirements than HIPAA.

International regulations (such as the GDPR and UK GDPR) also provide privacy protection to clinical trial participants of their personal health care information. We intend to take appropriate steps to protect the privacy of our clinical study participants. However, the documentation and process requirements of applicable privacy and security regulations are complex and subject to interpretation. Failure to comply with applicable privacy and security regulations could subject us to sanctions or penalties, loss of business and negative publicity.

Federal and State Fraud and Abuse Laws

The federal healthcare Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting, or receiving remuneration to induce referrals or in return for purchasing, leasing, ordering, or arranging for the purchase, lease, or order of any healthcare item or service reimbursable under a governmental payor program. The definition of “remuneration” has been broadly interpreted to include anything of value, including gifts, discounts, the furnishing of supplies or equipment, credit arrangements, payments of cash, waivers of payments, ownership interests, opportunity to earn income, and providing anything at less than its fair market value. The Anti-Kickback Statute is broad, and it prohibits many arrangements and practices that are lawful in businesses outside of the healthcare industry. Recognizing that the Anti-Kickback Statute is broad and may technically prohibit many innocuous or beneficial arrangements within the healthcare industry, HHS has issued a series of regulatory “safe harbors.” These safe harbor regulations set forth certain provisions that, if met, will provide healthcare providers and other parties with an affirmative defense against prosecution under the federal Anti-Kickback Statute. Although full compliance with these provisions provides a defense against prosecution under the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, the failure of a transaction or arrangement to fit within a specific safe harbor does not necessarily mean that the transaction or arrangement is illegal or that prosecution under the federal Anti-Kickback Statute will be pursued.

Other Healthcare Laws

Our products are subject to various other healthcare-related laws regulating fraud and abuse, R&D, pricing, sales and marketing practices, and the privacy and security of health information. Among other things, these laws and others generally (a) prohibit the provision of anything of value in exchange for the referral of patients or for the purchase, order, or recommendation of any item or service reimbursed by a federal healthcare program, including Medicare and Medicaid; (b) require that claims for payment submitted to federal healthcare programs be truthful; and (c) require the maintenance of certain government licenses and permits. Specific health-care laws and regulations that we are subject to include:

Compliance

Compliance with government rules and regulations is a significant concern throughout the industry, in part due to evolving interpretations of these rules and regulations. We seek to conduct our business in compliance with all statutes and regulations applicable to our operations. Failure to comply with applicable requirements may subject us to administrative or judicial sanctions, such as clinical holds, refusal of regulatory authorities to approve or authorize pending product applications, warning letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, monetary penalties, injunctions and/or criminal prosecution.

Employees

As of the date of filing this Annual Report, we employ two executive officers and ten full-time employees. We expect that we will hire more employees as we develop our current and future programs.

Our human capital resources objectives include, as applicable, identifying, recruiting, retaining, and incentivizing our management team and our clinical, scientific and other employees and consultants. The principal purposes of our equity and bonus plans are to attract, retain and motivate personnel through the granting of stock-based and cash-based compensation awards, to align our interests and the interests of our stockholders with those of our employees. The Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors approves associated merit increases and annual incentive bonus payments to our executives during the first quarter annually.

When needed, we augment our employee base with outside consultants who specialize in various fields.

Insurance

We currently maintain director’s and officer’s insurance, commercial general and office premises liability insurance, insurance on our clinical studies, and product errors and omissions liability insurance for our products.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Summary of Risk Factors

Our business is subject to a number of risks, including risks that may prevent us from achieving our business objectives or may adversely affect our business, clinical and commercialization activities, the manufacturing of our product candidates, intellectual property, third party relationships, competitive environment, product and environmental liabilities, and our common stock. These risks are discussed more fully below and include, but are not limited to, risks related to:

Risks Relating to our Business

Risks Related to our Intellectual Property

Risks Related to Our Industry

Risks Related to the Securities Markets and Investment in our Securities.

Purchasing shares of common stock is an investment in our securities and involves a high degree of risk and uncertainty. You should carefully consider the following information about these risks and uncertainties, together with the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, before purchasing our securities. If any of the following risks and uncertainties actually occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations may suffer. In that case, the market price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose part or all of your investment in our Company. Additional risks and uncertainties of which we are not presently aware or that we currently believe are immaterial may also harm our business and results of operations.

Risks Relating to our Business

We have a history of operating losses, and, as such, an investor cannot assess our profitability or performance based on past results.

Since December 2015, our business has primarily focused on the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of breast cancer and other breast conditions. Because of our limited operating history, particularly in the area of pharmaceutical development, our revenue and income potential is uncertain and cannot be based on prior results. Any evaluation of our business and prospects must be considered in light of these factors and the risks and uncertainties often encountered by companies in the development stage. Some of these risks and uncertainties include our ability to:

We have not established sources of ongoing revenue to cover operating costs and allow us to continue as a going concern.

Although we believe we have sufficient capital resources to fund our operations for at least the next 12 months based on our current business plan, our business plan may change and may require greater expenditures of capital than currently anticipated, in particular, due to expenditures relating to strategic transactions. We have not yet established an ongoing source of revenue sufficient to cover operating costs and allow us to continue as a going concern. Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on obtaining adequate capital to fund operating losses until we become profitable. If we are unable to obtain adequate capital on reasonable terms, if at all, including due to macroeconomic factors, such as high interest rates, the inflationary environment, recessionary fears and instability in financial institutions, we may be unable to develop and commercialize our product offerings or increase our geographic reach and we could be forced to cease operations.

We will need to raise substantial additional capital in the future to fund our operations and we may be unable to raise such funds when needed and on acceptable terms.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, we incurred a net loss of approximately $30.1 million, and we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $186.3 million since inception. As of December 31, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $88.5 million. Because we have no current sources of revenue, we expect that we will need to raise capital again in the future to continue to fund our operations. When we elect to raise additional funds or when additional funds are required, we may raise such funds through public or private equity offerings, debt financings, corporate collaboration and licensing arrangements or other financing alternatives. These financing arrangements may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we may be prevented from developing our pharmaceutical candidates, pursuing acquisitions, and investing in other companies, including as a sponsor or investor in special purpose acquisition companies, licensing, development and commercialization efforts, and our ability to continue our operations, generate revenues, and achieve or sustain profitability may be substantially harmed. We currently have fewer than five million shares of common stock authorized that are not reserved for specific purposes. Although we proposed to our stockholders, at our 2021 and 2022 annual stockholders’ meetings and at a special meeting of stockholders held in September 2021, that our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, as amended, be further amended to add additional authorized shares for various potential purposes, including potential capital raising transactions, our stockholders did not approve such proposals and may not approve a similar proposal in the future. A lack of authorized shares may limit our ability to raise capital when needed.

If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, our stockholders will experience dilution. Debt financing, if available, would result in increased fixed payment obligations and may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. Any debt

financing or additional equity, including securities convertible into or exercisable for equity securities, that we raise may contain terms, such as liquidation, conversion and other preferences, that are not favorable to us or our stockholders. If we raise additional funds through collaboration and licensing arrangements with third parties, it may be necessary for us to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams or product candidates or to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. Should the financing we require to sustain our working capital needs be unavailable or prohibitively expensive when we require it, our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects could be materially and adversely affected, and we may be unable to continue our operations.

We may expend our capital resources in ways that you do not agree or that do not produce stockholder value.

We intend to use our capital resources to execute on our business plan, which may include acquiring or in-licensing programs and may also include the internal development of additional programs that may or may not be related to oncology. We may also use our capital resources to invest directly or indirectly in business opportunities in healthcare or other industries, including through purchases of equity in other companies, such as our investment in Dynamic Cell Therapies, Inc. (DCT). These investments may be in special purpose acquisition companies, including either as a sponsor or as an equity investor. Our business plan may evolve to require more capital resources than currently contemplated either because our existing programs progress more quickly or at a greater cost than currently anticipated or because we may add additional programs. Stockholders may not agree with the ways in which we expend our capital resources and our capital deployment activities may not lead to increases in stockholder value.

We have a history of operating losses, and we expect to continue to incur losses in the future.

We have a limited operating history and have incurred net losses each year. Our net operating loss for the year ended December 31, 2023, was approximately $30.1 million. We will continue to incur further losses in connection with research and development costs for development of our programs, including ongoing and additional clinical studies.

Any products we may develop may never achieve significant commercial market acceptance.

We may not succeed in achieving commercial market acceptance of any of our products. In order to gain market acceptance for the drugs under development, we will need to demonstrate to physicians and other healthcare professionals the benefits of these therapies, including the clinical and economic application for their particular practice, the efficacy and safety and potential advantages compared to alternative therapies. Many physicians and healthcare professionals may be hesitant to introduce new services or techniques into their practice for many reasons, including lack of time and resources, the learning curve associated with the adoption of such new services or techniques into already established procedures, the product’s cost, convenience and ease of administration, the then-current standard of care, the strength of marketing and distribution support and the uncertainty of the applicability or reliability of the results of a new product. In addition, the availability of full or even partial payment for our products, whether by third party payors (e.g., insurance companies), by government payors or the patients themselves, will likely heavily influence physicians’ decisions to recommend or use our products.

We may be unable to establish sales, marketing and commercial supply capabilities.

We do not currently have, nor have we ever had, commercial pharmaceutical sales and marketing capabilities. If any of our product candidates become approved, we would need to build these capabilities in order to commercialize our approved product candidates. The process of establishing commercial capabilities will be expensive and time consuming, and may not be successful. Even if we are successful in building these capabilities, we may not be successful in commercializing any of our product candidates.

The loss of the services of our Chief Executive Officer could adversely affect our business.

Our success is dependent in large part upon our ability to execute our business plan, manufacture our pharmaceutical drugs and attract and retain highly skilled professional personnel. In particular, due to the relatively early stage of our business, our future success is highly dependent on the services of Steven C. Quay, our Chief Executive Officer and founder, who provides much of the necessary experience to execute our business plan.

Our acquisitions of, collaborations with, licenses with and investments in, other businesses may not yield expected benefits and our inability to successfully integrate these transactions may negatively impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We anticipate that we will make acquisitions of, collaborations with, licenses with or investments in businesses in the future. We may not realize the anticipated benefits, or any benefits, from these transactions. If we fail to properly evaluate, complete and execute acquisitions, our business may be seriously harmed and our stock price may decline. For us to realize the benefits of future transactions, we must successfully integrate the acquired businesses with ours. Some of the challenges to successful integration include:

Our failure to address these risks or other problems encountered in connection with our past or future acquisitions and other transactions, including our investment in DCT, have in the past and could in the future cause us to fail to realize the anticipated benefits of such acquisitions and transactions, and result in higher than expected costs, the recording of asset impairment or restructuring charges and other actions which could negatively impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and our ability to execute on our strategic plan. For example, we incurred a $3.0 million impairment charge for the year ended December 31, 2023 in connection with our investment in DCT.

We may experience difficulty in locating, attracting and retaining experienced and qualified personnel, which could adversely affect our business.

We will need to attract, retain, and motivate experienced clinical development and other personnel, particularly in the greater Seattle area as we expand our pharmaceutical development activities. Personnel with the required skills and experience may be scarce or may not be available at all in this geographic region. In addition, competition for these skilled personnel is intense and recruiting and retaining skilled employees is difficult, particularly for a development-stage Company such as ours. If we are unable to attract and retain qualified personnel, our development activities may be adversely affected. Even if we are successful in identifying and attracting qualified employees, recent market changes, including the labor shortage, and high inflation have increased employee-related costs substantially. As a result, our operating expenses may continue to increase in the current market environment.

Compounds and methods that appear promising in research and development may fail to reach later stages of development for a number of reasons, including, among others, that clinical trials may take longer to complete than expected or may not be completed at all, and interim, top-line or preliminary clinical trial data reports may ultimately differ from actual results once data are more fully evaluated.

Successful development of pharmaceutical products is highly uncertain and obtaining regulatory approval to market drugs is expensive, difficult, and speculative. Compounds that appear promising in research and development may fail to reach later stages of development for several reasons, including, but not limited to:

In addition, from time to time we expect to report interim, top-line or “preliminary” data for clinical trials, including for example the results reported in 2021 for our neoadjuvant or “window of opportunity” Phase 2 study of (Z)-endoxifen. Such data are based on a preliminary analysis of then-available efficacy and safety data, and such findings and conclusions are subject to change following a more comprehensive review of the data related to the particular study or trial. Interim, top-line or preliminary data are based on important assumptions, estimations, calculations and information then available to us to the extent we have had, at the time of such reporting, an opportunity to fully and carefully evaluate such information in light of all surrounding facts, circumstances, recommendations and analyses. As a result, interim, top-line or “preliminary” results may differ from future/final results, or different conclusions or considerations may qualify such results once existing data have been more fully evaluated. In addition, third parties, including regulatory agencies, may not accept or agree with our assumptions, estimations, calculations or analyses or may interpret or weigh the importance of data differently, which could impact the value of the particular program, the approvability or commercialization of the particular compound and our business generally.

If the development of our products is delayed or fails, or if top-line or preliminary clinical trial data reported differ from actual results, our development costs may increase and our ability to commercialize our products may be harmed, which could harm our business, financial condition, operating results or prospects.

We may not obtain or maintain the regulatory approvals required to develop or commercialize some or all of our products.

We are subject to rigorous and extensive regulation by the FDA in the U.S. and by comparable agencies in other jurisdictions, including the Europe Medicines Agency (EMA) in the European Union (E.U.), the United Kingdom’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency and the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) in Australia.

Our product candidates are currently in research or development, and we have not received marketing approval for our products. Our products may not be marketed in the U.S. until they have been approved by the FDA and may not be marketed in other jurisdictions until they have received approval from the appropriate foreign regulatory agencies. Each product candidate requires significant research, development and pre-clinical testing and extensive clinical investigation before submission of any regulatory application for marketing approval. As a result, the regulatory pathway for these products may be more complex and obtaining regulatory approvals may be more difficult.

Obtaining regulatory approval requires substantial time, effort and financial resources, and we may not be able to obtain approval of any of our products on a timely basis, or at all. The number, size, design, and focus of pre-clinical and clinical trials that will be required for approval by the FDA, the EMA, or any other foreign regulatory agency varies depending on the compound, the disease or condition that the products are designed to address and the regulations applicable to any particular products. Pre-clinical and clinical data can be interpreted in different ways, which could delay, limit or preclude regulatory approval. The FDA, the EMA, and other foreign regulatory agencies can delay, limit, or deny approval of a product for many reasons, including, but not limited to:

a product may not be shown to be safe or effective;

If our products are not approved at all or quickly enough to provide net revenues to defray our operating expenses, our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects could be harmed.

We are developing our products for patients who are severely ill, and patient deaths that occur in our clinical trials could negatively impact our business even if such deaths are not shown to be related to our drugs.

We have enrolled patients in studies of our drug candidates who may die while enrolled in our studies. Patients in our clinical trials may also experience adverse outcomes following treatment with our drug candidates, including patient death. These adverse outcomes, even if unrelated to our drugs, could expose us to lawsuits and liabilities and could diminish our ability to obtain regulatory approval and/or achieve commercial acceptance for the related drug and our business could be materially harmed.

We are dependent on third party service providers for a number of critical operational activities including, in particular, for the manufacture and testing of our products and associated supply chain operations, as well as for clinical trial activities. Any failure or delay in these undertakings by third parties could harm our business.

Our business is dependent on the performance by third parties of their responsibilities under contractual relationships. In particular, we heavily rely on third parties for the manufacture and testing of our products. We do not have an internal analytical laboratory or manufacturing facilities to allow the testing or production of products in compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP). As a result, we rely on third parties to supply us in a timely manner with manufactured product candidates. We may not be able to adequately manage and oversee the manufacturers we choose; they may not perform as agreed or they may terminate their agreements with us. In particular, we depend on third party manufacturers to conduct their operations in compliance with applicable requirements under current Good Laboratory Practices (GLP), cGMP, GCP or similar standards imposed by the U.S. and/or applicable foreign regulatory authorities, including the FDA and EMA. Any of these regulatory authorities may take action against a contract manufacturer who violates cGMP. Failure of our manufacturers to comply with FDA, EMA or other applicable regulations may cause us to curtail or stop the manufacture of such products until we obtain regulatory compliance.

We may not be able to obtain sufficient quantities of our products if we are unable to secure manufacturers when needed, or if our designated manufacturers do not have the capacity or otherwise fail to manufacture compounds according to our schedule and specifications or fail to comply with cGMP regulations. Furthermore, in order to ultimately obtain and maintain applicable regulatory approvals, any manufacturers we utilize are required to consistently produce the respective products in commercial quantities and of specified quality or execute fill-finish services on a repeated basis and document their ability to do so, which is referred to as process validation. In order to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of a compound, the applicable regulatory authority must consider the result of the applicable process validation to be satisfactory and must otherwise approve of the manufacturing process. Even if our compound manufacturing processes obtain regulatory approval and sufficient supply is available to complete clinical trials necessary for regulatory approval, there are no guarantees we will be able to supply the quantities necessary to affect a commercial launch of the applicable drug, or once launched, to satisfy ongoing demand. Any product shortage could also impair our ability to deliver contractually required supply quantities to applicable collaborators, as well as to complete any additional planned clinical trials.

We also rely on third party service providers for certain warehousing and transportation. With regard to the distribution of our drugs, we depend on third party distributors to act in accordance with Good Distribution Practice (GDP), and the distribution process and facilities are subject to continuing regulation by applicable regulatory authorities with respect to the distribution and storage of products.

In addition, we depend on medical institutions and CROs (together with their respective agents) to conduct clinical trials and associated activities in compliance with Good Clinical Practices (GCP) and data privacy standards such as defined under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and UK GDPR, and in accordance with our timelines, expectations and requirements. We are substantially dependent on the organizations conducting our clinical trials. To the extent any such third parties are delayed in achieving or fail to meet our clinical trial enrollment expectations, fail to conduct our trials in accordance with GCP, patient and data privacy standards such as HIPAA or study protocol or otherwise take actions outside of our control or without our consent, our business may be harmed. Furthermore, we conduct clinical trials in foreign countries, subjecting us to additional risks and challenges, including, patient and data privacy standards, such as GDPR and UK GDPR and in particular, as a result of the engagement of foreign medical institutions and foreign CROs, who may be less experienced with regard to regulatory matters applicable to us and may have different standards of medical care.

With regard to certain of the foregoing clinical trial operations and stages in the manufacturing and distribution chain of our compounds, we rely on vendors. In most cases we use a primary vendor and have identified, in some cases, secondary vendors. In particular, our current business structure contemplates, at least in the foreseeable future, use of a primary commercial supplier for the (Z)-endoxifen drug substance. The use of primary vendors for core operational activities, such as, manufacturing, and the resulting

lack of diversification, exposes us to the risk of a material interruption in service related to these primary, outside vendors. As a result, our exposure to this concentration risk could harm our business.

We also rely on a third-party information technology vendor to oversee our information technology systems, including our mechanisms, controls, technologies, systems, and other processes designed to prevent or mitigate data loss, theft, misuse, or other security incidents or vulnerabilities affecting our data and to maintain a stable information technology environment. As a result, our cybersecurity systems and processes are dependent upon the performance of our information technology vendor.

Although we monitor the compliance of our third party service providers performing the aforementioned services, we cannot be certain that such service providers will consistently comply with applicable regulatory requirements or that they will otherwise timely satisfy their obligations to us. We and our third party service providers may be subject to inspections by FDA and other regulatory authorities. Any such failure by us or by our third party service providers to comply with applicable legal or regulatory requirements and/or any failure by us to monitor their services or to plan for and manage our short- and long-term requirements underlying such services could result in shortage of the required compound, delays in or cessation of clinical trials, failure to obtain or revocation of product approvals or authorizations, product recalls, withdrawal, administrative detention, seizure of products, suspension of an applicable wholesale distribution authorization, and/or distribution of products, operating restrictions, injunctions, suspension of licenses, other administrative or judicial sanctions (including warning or untitled letters, import alerts, civil penalties and/or criminal prosecution), and/or unanticipated related expenditures to resolve shortcomings.

Such consequences could have a significant impact on our business, financial condition, operating results, or prospects.

We may encounter delays in our clinical trials or may not be able to conduct our trials in a timely manner.

Clinical trials are expensive and subject to regulatory approvals. Potential trial delays may arise from, but are not limited to:

Our clinical trials may fail to demonstrate adequately the efficacy and safety of our product candidates, which would prevent or delay regulatory approval and commercialization.

Even if our clinical trials are completed as planned, we cannot be certain that their results will support our product candidate claims or that the FDA or foreign authorities will agree with our conclusions. Success in pre-clinical studies and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful, and we cannot be sure that the later trials will replicate the results of prior trials and pre-clinical studies. The clinical trial process may fail to demonstrate that our product candidates are safe and effective for the proposed indicated uses. If the FDA concludes that our clinical trials have failed to demonstrate safety and effectiveness, we would not receive FDA approval to market that product candidate in the U.S. for the indications sought. In addition, it could cause us to abandon the product candidate and might delay development of other product candidates. Any delay or termination of our clinical trials would delay or preclude the filing of any submissions with the FDA and, ultimately, our ability to commercialize our product

candidates and generate revenues. It is also possible that patients enrolled in clinical trials could experience adverse side effects that are not currently part of a product candidate’s profile.

Our products and services may expose us to possible litigation and product liability claims.

Our business may expose us to potential product liability risks inherent in the testing, marketing, and processing personalized medical products, particularly those products and services we offered prior to shifting our focus on pharmaceutical development. Product liability risks may arise from, but are not limited to:

A successful product liability claim, or the costs and time commitment involved in defending against a product liability claim, could have a material adverse effect on our business. Regardless of the merit or outcome of a claim, it may result in decreased demand for our product candidates, reputational harm, withdrawal of clinical trial participants, investigations by regulators, withdrawal of prior governmental approvals, substantial monetary awards to patients, loss of revenue and the inability to commercialize our product candidates. Although we currently carry clinical trial insurance and product liability insurance which we believe to be reasonable, it may not be adequate to cover all liability that we may incur. An inability to renew our policies or to obtain sufficient insurance at an acceptable cost and on commercially desirable or reasonable terms, if at all, including due to a successful product liability claim, could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of our products.

Business disruptions, including natural disasters, severe weather and pandemics, could seriously harm our future revenue and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses.

Our operations are based primarily in Seattle, Washington. These operations could be subject to power shortages, telecommunications failures, water shortages, floods, earthquakes, fires, extreme weather conditions, pandemics or epidemics and other natural or man-made disasters or business interruptions, for which we maintain customary insurance policies that we believe are appropriate. In addition, outbreaks of viruses, infectious diseases or pandemics, terrorist acts or acts of war, or geopolitical tensions, could cause damage or cause disruptions to us, our employees, facilities, contractors and collaborators, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The occurrence of any of these business disruptions could seriously harm our operations and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses. Our ability to manufacture clinical supplies of our product candidates could be disrupted if our suppliers are affected by any of the above events. We may have limited recourse against third parties if the non-compliance is due to factors outside of the manufacturer’s control.

We maintain our cash at financial institutions, often in balances that exceed federally-insured limits. The failure of financial institutions could adversely affect our ability to pay our operational expenses or make other payments.

Our cash is held at banking institutions in non-interest-bearing and interest-bearing accounts in amounts that exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insurance limits. If such banking institutions were to fail, we could lose all or a portion of those amounts held in excess of such insurance limitations. For example, the FDIC took control of Silicon Valley Bank on March 10, 2023. Although we did not have cash, cash equivalents or investments at SVB and the Federal Reserve subsequently announced that account holders would be made whole, the FDIC may not make all account holders whole in the event of future bank failures. In addition, even if account holders are ultimately made whole with respect to a future bank failure, account holders’ access to their accounts and assets held in their accounts may be substantially delayed. Any material loss that we may experience in the future or inability for a material time period to access our cash and cash equivalents could have an adverse effect on our ability to pay our operational expenses or make other payments, which could adversely affect our business.

Our ability to use net operating loss carryforwards and research tax credits to reduce future tax payments may be limited or restricted.

We have generated significant net operating loss carryforwards (NOLs), and research and development tax credits (R&D credits) as a result of our incurrence of losses and our conduct of research activities since inception. We generally are able to carry NOLs and R&D credits forward to reduce our tax liability in future years. However, our ability to utilize the NOLs and R&D credits is subject to the rules of Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code), respectively. Those sections generally restrict the use of NOLs and R&D credits after an “ownership change.” An ownership change occurs if, among other things, the stockholders (or specified groups of stockholders) who own or have owned, directly or indirectly, 5% or more of a corporation’s common stock or are otherwise treated as 5% stockholders under Section 382 of the Code and the U.S. Treasury Department regulations promulgated thereunder increase their aggregate percentage ownership of that corporation’s stock by more than 50 percentage points over the lowest percentage of the stock owned by these stockholders over the applicable testing period. In the event of an ownership change, Section 382 of the Code imposes an annual limitation on the amount of taxable income a

corporation may offset with NOL carry forwards and Section 383 of the Code imposes an annual limitation on the amount of tax a corporation may offset with business credit (including R&D credits) carryforwards.

We have experienced ownership changes in the past, and there can be no assurance that we will not experience ownership changes in the future. As a result, our NOLs and business credits (including R&D credits) may be subject to limitations, and we may be required to pay taxes earlier and in larger amounts than would be the case if our NOLs or R&D credits were freely usable.

If we, or our wholly-owned subsidiary, lose our ability to operate in Australia, or if our subsidiary is unable to benefit from the past or future R&D rebates available under current Australian regulations, our business and results of operations could be harmed.

Through our wholly-owned subsidiary in Australia, Atossa Genetics AUS Pty Ltd., we conduct certain R&D activities, including some of our clinical trials. Current Australian tax regulations provide for a R&D cash rebate on qualified R&D activities incurred in the country. The Australian R&D tax incentive program is a self-assessment program, and as such, the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) has the right to review our program and our related expenditures for a period of four years following the tax return filing date. If we are ineligible or unable to receive the anticipated cash rebate, if past rebates are determined to be ineligible upon an audit by the ATO, or if the Australian government significantly reduces or eliminates the rebate, our business and results of operations would be adversely affected.

Based on our evaluation of the ATO's taxpayer alert published in the fourth quarter of 2023, we believe that it is no longer reasonably assured that our full tax position would be sustained under an audit. Accordingly, we recorded a change in estimate that represents our estimate of the amount (inclusive of potential penalties) that no longer meets the reasonably assured threshold. We recorded an estimated accrued current liability of $1.8 million in our Consolidated Balance Sheet for the year ended December 31, 2023. The change in estimate also increased our R&D expenses by $1.4 million and G&A expenses by $0.4 million in the Consolidated Statement of Operations, for the year ended December 31, 2023. We may in the future be required to record additional changes in estimates, which could further increase our expenses and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Additionally, due to the geographic distance from our headquarters, we may not be able to successfully monitor or conduct our clinical trials and R&D activities in Australia and develop or commercialize our drug candidates. We can provide no assurance that the results of any clinical trials that we conduct in Australia will be accepted by the FDA or other foreign authority. Furthermore, if we lose our ability to operate our subsidiary in Australia, our business and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Risks Related to our Intellectual Property

If we are not able to protect our proprietary technology, others could compete against us more directly, which would harm our business.

Our commercial success will depend, in part, on our ability to obtain additional patents and licenses and to protect our existing patent position, both in the U.S. and in other countries, for therapeutics and related technologies, processes, methods, compositions, and other inventions that we believe are patentable, all of which provide limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep any competitive advantage. As of February 2, 2024, we own or exclusively in-license and are pursuing 68 pending provisional and non-provisional patent applications (22 U.S. patent applications and 46 international patent applications) and 11 issued patents (four U.S. patents and seven international patents). We continue to evaluate the full range of our technologies and file new patent applications consistent with our evolving business goals.

Our ability to preserve our trade secrets, trademarks and other intellectual property rights is also important to our long-term success. Our success depends in part on obtaining patent protection for our products and processes, preserving trade secrets, patents, copyrights and trademarks, operating without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties, and acquiring licenses for technology or products. If we do not adequately protect our intellectual property, competitors may be able to use our technologies and erode or negate any competitive advantage we may have, which could harm our business and ability to establish or maintain profitability. Patents may also be issued to third parties, which could interfere with our ability to bring our therapeutics to market. As the patent landscape for products for breast disorders, including breast cancers, grows more crowded and becomes more complex we may find it more difficult to obtain patent protection for our products, including those related to (Z)-endoxifen.

The laws of some foreign countries do not protect our proprietary rights to the same extent as U.S. laws, and we may encounter significant problems in protecting our proprietary rights in these countries. Even in the U.S., the patent positions of diagnostic companies and pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, including our patent position, are generally highly uncertain, particularly after the Supreme Court decisions Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, 132 S. Ct. 1289 (2012), Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Therapeutics, Inc., 133 S. Ct. 2107 (2013), Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International, 134 S. Ct. 2347 (2014), and Amgen Inc. v. Sanofi, 598 U.S. 594 (2023), and the Federal Circuit Court decisions Athena Diagnostics, Inc. v. Mayo Collaborative Servs., LLC, 915 F.3d 743 (Fed. Cir. 2019). Our patent positions also involve complex legal and factual questions, for which important legal principles remain unresolved. No consistent policy regarding the breadth of claims allowed in pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies’ patents has emerged to date in the U.S. Furthermore, in the biotechnology and

pharmaceutical fields, courts frequently render opinions that may affect the patentability of certain inventions or discoveries, including opinions that may affect the patentability of methods for diagnostics, personalized medicine, and analysis and comparison of DNA and, therefore, any patents issued to us may be challenged and potentially invalidated or found ineligible. We will be able to protect our proprietary rights from unauthorized use by third-parties only to the extent that our proprietary technologies and any future tests and products are covered by valid and enforceable patents or are effectively maintained as trade secrets. In addition, our patent applications may never issue as patents, and the claims of any issued patents may not afford meaningful protection for our products, technology or tests.

The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain, and we cannot ensure that:

If a third party files a patent application with claims to a drug we have discovered or developed, a derivation proceeding may be initiated regarding competing patent applications. If a derivation proceeding is initiated, we may not prevail in the derivation proceeding. If the other party prevails in the derivation proceeding, we may be precluded from commercializing our products, or may be required to seek a license. A license may not be available to us on commercially acceptable terms, if at all.

On August 30, 2023, we announced that Intas Pharmaceuticals LTD. (the "Petitioner") had filed a Petition for Post Grant Review ("PGR") with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (the "PGR Petition") relating to one of our issued patents (U.S. Patent No. 11,572,334), titled, "Methods for Making and Using Endoxifen," (the "Patent"). We are actively contesting the PGR Petition and believe that the Patent was properly granted and is valid and enforceable. However, there can be no assurance that we will prevail in contesting the PGR Petition. If we do prevail in contesting the PGR Petition, the Petitioner will be estopped from raising arguments in subsequent litigation that were raised, or reasonably could have been raised, during the PGR proceedings.

On September 28, 2023, the Indian Pharmaceutical Alliance (the “Opponent”) filed a Pre-Grant Opposition (the “Opposition”) against our pending Indian Patent Application No. 202017009369, titled, “Methods of Making and Using Endoxifen,” (the “Patent Application”). We intend to assess the value of the Patent Application to our current and future business opportunities, and if of sufficient value, we will consider contesting the Opposition. However, there can be no assurance that we will contest the Opposition and that if we choose to do so, that we would prevail in contesting the Opposition.

Any litigation proceedings relating to our proprietary technology may result in unsuccessful outcomes for us and, even if such proceedings result in successful outcomes for us, the proceedings may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Finally, we may not be able to prevent, alone or with the support of our licensors, if any, misappropriation of our trade secrets or confidential information, particularly in countries where the laws may not protect those rights as fully as in the U.S.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent process. Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees, and various other governmental fees on any issued patents and/or applications are due to be paid to the USPTO and foreign patent agencies in several stages over the lifetime of the patents and/or applications. We have systems in place to remind us to pay these fees, and we employ outside firms and rely on our outside counsel to pay these fees. While an inadvertent lapse

may sometimes be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, our competitors might be able to enter the market earlier than should otherwise have been the case, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.

Changes in U.S. patent law could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products.

As is the case with other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, our success is heavily dependent on our intellectual property, particularly on obtaining and enforcing patents. Obtaining and enforcing patents in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries involve both technological and legal complexity, and is therefore costly, time-consuming and inherently uncertain. For the past several years, the U.S. has conducted proceedings involving post-issuance patent review procedures, such as inter partes review (IPR), and post-grant review and covered business methods. These proceedings are conducted before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB), of the USPTO. Each proceeding has different eligibility criteria and different patentability challenges that can be raised. In this regard, the IPR process permits any person (except a party who has been litigating the patent for more than a year) to challenge the validity of a U.S. patent on the grounds that it was anticipated or made obvious by prior art consisting of patents or printed publications. As a result, non-practicing entities associated with hedge funds, pharmaceutical companies who may be our competitors and others have challenged certain valuable pharmaceutical U.S. patents based on prior art through the IPR process. A decision in such a proceeding adverse to our interests could result in the loss of valuable patent rights, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. For example, there is a PGR Petition relating to one of our issued patents, see Note 13. Any potential future changes to the U.S. patent system could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. Further, recent U.S. Supreme Court rulings have narrowed the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances and weakened the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In particular, on March 20, 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court issued the Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc. decision, holding that several claims drawn to measuring drug metabolite levels from patient samples were not patentable subject matter. The full impact of the Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc. decision on diagnostic and certain method claims is uncertain. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents once obtained. Depending on decisions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts, and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that could weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patents and patents that we might obtain in the future. The standards that courts use to interpret patents are not always applied predictably or uniformly and may evolve, particularly as new technologies develop. In addition, changes to patent laws in the U.S. or other countries may be applied retroactively to affect the validity, enforceability, or term of our patent. For example, the U.S. Supreme Court has modified some legal standards applied by the USPTO in examination of U.S. patent applications, which may decrease the likelihood that we will be able to obtain patents and may increase the likelihood of challenges to patents we obtain or license.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on our products in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights in the same manner and to the same extent as laws in the U.S. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the U.S. For example, the Indian Pharmaceutical Alliance filed a Pre-Grant Opposition against our pending Indian Patent Application. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement of such patent protection is not as strong as that in the U.S. These products may compete with our products and services, and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing with our products.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biotechnology products, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products and services in violation of our proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly, and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop.

Our current patent portfolio may not include all patent rights needed for the full development and commercialization of our products. We cannot be sure that patent rights we may need in the future will be available for license on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

We may be unable to obtain any licenses or other rights to patents, technology, or know-how from third parties necessary to conduct our business and such licenses, if available at all, may not be available on commercially reasonable terms. Others may seek licenses from us for other technology we use or intend to use. Any failure to obtain such licenses could delay or prevent us from developing or commercializing our proposed products, which would harm our business. We may not be able to secure such a license on acceptable terms. Litigation or patent derivation proceedings may need to be brought against third parties, as discussed below, to enforce any of our patents or other proprietary rights, or to determine the scope and validity or enforceability of the proprietary rights of such third parties.

Third party claims alleging intellectual property infringement may prevent or delay our drug discovery and development efforts.

Our commercial success depends in part on our avoiding infringement of the patents and proprietary rights of third parties, including the intellectual property rights of competitors. There is a substantial amount of litigation, both within and outside the U.S., involving patents and other intellectual property rights in the medical device and pharmaceutical fields, as well as administrative proceedings for challenging patents, including inter partes review, post-grant review, derivation, and reexamination proceedings before the USPTO or oppositions and other comparable proceedings in various foreign jurisdictions, for example, the PGR Petition and the Indian Pharmaceutical Alliance Pre-Grant Opposition. These procedures bring uncertainty to the possibility of challenges to our patents in the future, including those patents perceived by our competitors as blocking entry into the market for their products, and the outcome of such challenges. Any such proceedings could result in revocation or amendment to our patents in such a way that they no longer cover our drug product candidates. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable. With respect to the validity question, for example, we cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior art and that prior art that was cited during prosecution, but not relied on by the patent examiner, will not be revisited. Numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications, which are owned by third parties, exist in the fields in which we are developing our products. As the medical device, biotechnology, and pharmaceutical industries expand and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our activities related to our products may give rise to claims of infringement of the patent rights of others.

We cannot assure you that our current or future products will not infringe on existing or future patents. We may not be aware of patents that have already been issued that a third party might assert are infringed by one of our current or future products.

Third parties may assert that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization. There may be third party patents of which we are currently unaware with claims to materials, formulations, methods of manufacture, or methods for treatment related to the use or manufacture of our products. Because patent applications can take many years to issue and may be confidential for eighteen months or more after filing, there may be currently pending third party patent applications which may later result in issued patents that our products may infringe, or which such third parties claim are infringed by our products and services.

Parties making claims against us for infringement or misappropriation of their intellectual property rights may seek and obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to further develop and commercialize our products. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial expenses and would be a substantial diversion of employee resources from our business. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us by a third party, we may have to (i) pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees if we are found to have willfully infringed the third party’s patents; (ii) obtain one or more licenses from the third-party; (iii) pay royalties to the third party; or (iv) redesign any infringing products. Redesigning any infringing products may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure. Further, we cannot predict whether any required license would be available at all or whether it would be available on commercially reasonable terms. In the event that we could not obtain a license, we may be unable to further develop and commercialize our products, which could harm our business significantly. Even if we were able to obtain a license, the rights may be nonexclusive, which would give our competitors access to the same intellectual property.

In addition to infringement claims against us, if third parties have prepared and filed patent applications in the U.S. that also claim technology related to our products, we may have to participate in derivation proceedings in the USPTO to determine the priority of invention. We may also become involved in similar proceedings in the patent offices in other jurisdictions regarding our intellectual property rights with respect to our products and technology.

We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties.

We have received confidential and proprietary information from third parties. In addition, we employ individuals who were previously employed at other diagnostic, medical device or pharmaceutical companies. We may be subject to claims that we or our employees, consultants or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise improperly used or disclosed confidential information of these third parties or our employees’ former employers. Further, we may be subject to ownership disputes in the future

arising, for example, from conflicting obligations of consultants or others who are involved in developing our products. We may also be subject to claims that former employees, consultants, independent contractors, collaborators or other third parties have an ownership interest in our patents or other intellectual property. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging our right to and use of confidential and proprietary information. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose our rights therein. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial cost and be a distraction to our management and employees.

We may be unable to adequately prevent disclosure of trade secrets and other proprietary information.

We rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect proprietary know-how that is not patentable or that we elect not to patent, processes for which patents are difficult to enforce, and any other elements of our discovery and development processes that involve proprietary know-how, information or technology that is not covered by patents. However, trade secrets can be difficult to protect. We require all of our employees, consultants, advisors and any third parties who have access to our proprietary know-how, information or technology, to enter into confidentiality agreements. However, we cannot be certain that all such confidentiality agreements have been duly executed, that our trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information will not be disclosed or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques. Misappropriation or unauthorized disclosure of our trade secrets could impair our competitive position and may have a material adverse effect on our business. Additionally, if the steps taken to maintain our trade secrets are deemed inadequate, we may have insufficient recourse against third parties for misappropriating the trade secret.

Risks Related to Our Industry

Legislative or regulatory reforms may make it more difficult and costly for us to obtain regulatory approval of our product candidates and to manufacture, market and distribute our products after approval is obtained.

From time to time, legislation is drafted and introduced in Congress that could significantly change the statutory provisions governing the regulatory approval, manufacture and marketing of regulated products or the reimbursement thereof. In addition, FDA regulations and guidance are often revised or reinterpreted by the FDA in ways that may significantly affect our business and our products. Any new regulations or revisions or reinterpretations of existing regulations may impose additional costs or lengthen review times of future products. In addition, FDA regulations and guidance are often revised or reinterpreted by the agency in ways that may significantly affect our business and our products. It is impossible to predict whether legislative changes will be enacted or FDA regulations, guidance or interpretations changed, and what the impact of such changes, if any, may be. Similar changes and revisions can also occur in foreign countries.

For example, the FDA may change its clearance and approval policies, adopt additional regulations or revise existing regulations, or take other actions which, may prevent or delay approval or clearance of our products under development or impact our ability to modify our currently cleared products on a timely basis. Any change in the laws or regulations that govern the clearance and approval processes relating to our current and future products could make it more difficult and costly to obtain clearance or approval for new products, or to produce, market and distribute existing products. Significant delays in receiving clearance or approval, or the failure to receive clearance or approval for our new products would have an adverse effect on our ability to expand our business.

Our inadvertent or unintentional failure to comply with the complex government regulations concerning patients' privacy, data subjects, and of medical records could subject us to fines and adversely affect our reputation.

Federal privacy regulations, among other things, restrict our ability to use or disclose protected health information in the form of patient-identifiable laboratory data, without written patient authorization, for purposes other than payment, treatment, or healthcare operations as defined under HIPAA, except for disclosures for various public policy purposes and other permitted purposes outlined in the privacy regulations. Applicable privacy regulations provide for significant fines and other penalties for wrongful use or disclosure of protected health information, including potential civil and criminal fines and penalties.

We intend to implement policies and practices that we believe will make us compliant with applicable privacy regulations. However, the documentation and process requirements of applicable privacy regulations are complex and subject to interpretation. Failure to comply with applicable privacy regulations could subject us to sanctions or penalties, loss of business, and negative publicity.

The HIPAA privacy regulations establish a “floor” of minimum protection for patients as to their medical information and do not supersede state laws that are more stringent. Therefore, we are required to comply with both HIPAA privacy regulations and state privacy laws, which vary from state to state, impose a range of obligations, and are often more restrictive than HIPAA. The failure to comply with applicable privacy laws could subject us to regulatory actions, including significant fines or penalties, and to private actions by patients, as well as to adverse publicity and possible loss of business. In addition, federal and state laws and judicial

decisions provide individuals with various rights for violating the privacy of their medical information by healthcare providers such as us.

In addition to HIPAA, failing to take appropriate steps to keep consumers’ personal information secure may result in the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) bringing a claim that a company has engaged in unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce, in violation of Section 5(a) of the Federal Trade Commission Act, (FTCA). The FTC requires companies to have reasonable and appropriate security measures, based on factors such as data sensitivity and volume, complexity of the business and available resources. Health information is considered sensitive data that merits stronger safeguards. There are also state consumer protection laws, which may be modeled on the FTCA, that can provide state-law causes of action for allegedly unfair or deceptive acts or practices, among other things.

While we may not be presently subject to any comprehensive state privacy laws (e.g., the California Consumer Privacy Act as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act) as a covered entity due to applicability and exemption considerations, the legal landscape is rapidly changing. If we were to become subject to these laws, we would be required to comply with the demanding obligations they impose with respect to personal information. Furthermore, if our service providers or partners are subject to such laws, we may have contractual obligations relating to these requirements.

The collection and processing of personal data, including personal health data related to individuals in the E.U. regardless of citizenship or residence is governed by the provisions of the General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679 (GDPR) which provides for significant penalties for noncompliance. GDPR supersedes the Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995. The GDPR regulates (i) the processing of personal data carried out in the context of the activities of a company established in the E.U.; and (ii) the processing of personal data carried out by a company not established in the E.U. where such processing relates to (a) the offering of goods or services to data subjects who are in the E.U. or (b) the monitoring of the behavior of data subjects who are in the E.U. The GDPR imposes a number of requirements, including an obligation to rely on a legal basis (such as the consent of individuals to whom the personal data relates), the information that must be provided to the individuals, notification obligations to the competent national data protection authorities, and the security and confidentiality of the personal data. E.U. Member States may also impose additional requirements in relation to health, genetic and biometric data through their national implementing legislation.

Further, from January 1, 2021, in addition to the GDPR, companies have to comply with the UK GDPR, which, together with the amended UK Data Protection Act 2018, retains the GDPR in UK national law. The UK GDPR mirrors the fines under the GDPR, i.e., fines up to the greater of £17.5 million or 4% of global turnover. The European Commission has adopted an adequacy decision in favor of the UK, enabling personal data transfers from E.U. member states to the UK without additional safeguards. However, the UK adequacy decision will automatically expire in June 2025 unless the European Commission re-assesses and renews/ extends that decision and remains under review (and may be modified or revoked) by the Commission during this period. In addition, transfers of personal data from the UK to other countries, including the EEA, are subject to specific transfer rules under the UK regime. Personal data may freely flow from the UK to the EEA, since the EEA is deemed to have an adequate data protection level for purposes of the UK regime. These UK international transfer rules broadly mirror the E.U. GDPR rules. With regard to the transfer of personal data from the UK to the U.S., from October 12, 2023, businesses in the UK can start to transfer personal data to U.S. organizations certified to the “UK Extension to the EU-US Data Privacy Framework” (UK Extension) under the UK GDPR, without the need for further safeguards. On March 21, 2022, the international data transfer agreement (IDTA) and the international data transfer addendum to the EC’s standard contractual clauses for international data transfers (Addendum), and a document setting out transitional provisions, came into force and replaced the prior EU SCCs for purposes of the UK regime. However, the transitional provisions, adopted with the IDTA and the Addendum, provide that contracts concluded on or before September 21, 2022 on the basis of any prior EU SCCs continue to provide appropriate safeguards for the purpose of the UK’s regime until March 21, 2024, provided that the processing operations that are the subject matter of the contract remain unchanged and appropriate safeguards can be ensured. The relationship between the UK and other jurisdictions in relation to certain aspects of data protection law remains unclear, and it is unclear how UK data protection laws and regulations will develop in the medium to longer term, and how personal data transfers to and from the UK will be regulated in the long term. These changes may lead to additional costs and increase our overall risk exposure.

Failure to comply with the requirements of GDPR and/or UK GDPR, and the related national data protection laws of the E.U. Member States or the UK may result in fines and other administrative penalties, litigation, government enforcement actions (which could include civil and/or criminal penalties), and harm our business. Moreover, patients about whom we or our partners obtain information, as well as the providers who share this information with us, may have contractual rights that may limit our ability to use this information. Claims that we have violated patient’s or any individual’s rights or breached our contractual obligations, even if ultimately we are not found liable, could be expensive and time-consuming to defend, and could result in adverse publicity and harm our business.

If we experience incidents in our information technology systems, and if we experience a significant disruption in our information technology systems or breaches of data security, our business could be adversely affected.

We rely on information technology systems to keep financial records, maintain corporate records, communicate with staff and external parties and operate other critical functions. Our information technology systems are potentially vulnerable to disruption due to

breakdown, malicious intrusion and computer viruses or other disruptive events, including, but not limited to, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, utility outages, theft, viruses, phishing, malware, design defects, human error and complications encountered as existing systems are maintained, repaired, replace or upgraded. If we were to experience a prolonged system disruption in our information technology systems or those of certain of our vendors, it could negatively impact our ability to serve our customers, which could adversely impact our business. Although we maintain offsite back-ups of our data, if operations at our facilities were disrupted, it may cause a material disruption in our business if we are not capable of restoring function on an acceptable time frame. In addition, our information technology systems are potentially vulnerable to data security breaches — whether by employees or others — which may expose data (including sensitive data) to unauthorized persons. Such data security breaches could lead to the loss of trade secrets or other intellectual property or could lead to the public exposure of personal data (including sensitive personal data) of our employees, customers and others, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, because we collect, store and transmit confidential information in digital form, we, and third parties who we work with, are or may become subject to numerous domestic and foreign laws, regulations, and standards relating to privacy, data protection, and data security, the scope of which is changing, subject to differing applications and interpretations, and may be inconsistent among countries, or conflict with other rules. Any data breaches disclosure or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, including state data protection regulations (including data breach notification statutes and the California Consumer Privacy Act), the E.U. GDPR and the UK GDPR, and other regulations, the violation of which could result in significant penalties. In addition, these breaches and other inappropriate access can be difficult to detect, and any delay in identifying them may lead to increased harm of the type described above.

Additionally, we are or may become subject to contractual obligations related to privacy, data protection, and data security. Our obligations may also change or expand as our business grows. The actual or perceived failure by us or third parties related to us to comply with such laws, regulations and obligations could increase our compliance and operational costs, expose us to regulatory scrutiny, actions, fines and penalties, result in reputational harm, lead to a loss of customers, result in litigation and liability, and otherwise cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Although we utilize various procedures and controls to mitigate our exposure to these risks, cyber attacks and other cyber events are evolving, unpredictable and increasing in sophistication. Moreover, the information technology systems of our third-party partners, including suppliers, manufacturers, service providers and others on which we rely, may be subject to similar risks. We have cybersecurity insurance coverage in the event we become subject to various cyber attacks, however, we cannot ensure that it will be sufficient to cover any particular losses we may experience. Any cyber incident could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The failure to comply with complex federal and state laws and regulations related to submission of claims for services could result in significant monetary damages and penalties and exclusion from the Medicare and Medicaid programs.

We are subject to extensive federal and state laws and regulations relating to the submission of claims for payment for services, including those that relate to coverage of services under Medicare, Medicaid, and other governmental healthcare programs, the amounts that may be billed for services, and to whom claims for services may be submitted, such as billing Medicare as the secondary, rather than the primary, payor. The failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations, for example, enrollment in the Medicare Provider Enrollment, Chain and Ownership System, could result in our inability to receive payment for our services or attempts by third party payors, such as Medicare and Medicaid, to recover payments from us that we have already received. Submission of claims in violation of certain statutory or regulatory requirements can result in penalties, including civil money penalties of up to $10,000 for each item or service billed to Medicare in violation of the legal requirement, and exclusion from participation in Medicare and Medicaid. Government authorities may also assert that violations of laws and regulations related to submission of claims violate the federal False Claims Act or other laws related to fraud and abuse, including submission of claims for services that were not medically necessary. The Company will be generally dependent on independent physicians to determine when its services are medically necessary for a particular patient. Nevertheless, we could be adversely affected if it were determined that the services we provided were not medically necessary and not reimbursable, particularly if it were asserted that we contributed to the physician’s referrals of unnecessary services. It is also possible that the government could attempt to hold us liable under fraud and abuse laws for improper claims submitted by us if it were found that we knowingly participated in the arrangement that resulted in submission of the improper claims.

In addition to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (the PPACA), the effect of which cannot presently be quantified, various healthcare reform proposals have also emerged from federal and state governments. Changes in healthcare policy could adversely affect our business.

We cannot predict whether future healthcare initiatives will be implemented at the federal or state level or in countries outside of the U.S. in which we may do business, or the effect any future legislation or regulation will have on us. The taxes imposed by any new federal legislation and the expansion in government’s effect on the U.S. healthcare industry, including the Inflation Reduction Act enacted in August 2022, may result in decreased profits to us, lower reimbursements by payors for our products or reduced medical procedure volumes, all of which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We face significant competition from other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies.

Our product candidates face, and will continue to face, intense competition from large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, as well as academic and research institutions. We compete in an industry that is characterized by (i) rapid technological change, (ii) evolving industry standards, (iii) emerging competition and (iv) new product introductions. Our competitors have existing products that compete with our product candidates and they may develop and commercialize additional products that will compete with our product candidates. Because competing companies and institutions may have greater financial resources than us, they may be able to provide broader services and product lines, make greater investments in research and development or carry on broader R&D initiatives. Our competitors also have greater development capabilities than we do and have substantially greater experience in undertaking preclinical and clinical testing of product candidates, obtaining regulatory approvals and manufacturing and marketing pharmaceutical products.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval for our products, we may not be the first to market and that may affect the price or demand for our potential products. Existing or future competing products may provide greater therapeutic convenience or clinical or other benefits for a specific indication, or fewer side effects, than our potential products or may offer comparable performance at a lower cost. Additionally, the availability and price of our competitors’ products could limit the demand and the price we are able to charge for our potential products thereby reducing or eliminating our commercial opportunity. We may not be able to implement our business plan if the acceptance of our potential products is inhibited by price competition or the reluctance of physicians to switch from existing methods of treatment to our potential products, or if physicians switch to other new products or choose to reserve our potential products. Additionally, a competitor could obtain orphan product exclusivity from the FDA with respect to such competitor’s product, which may prevent us from obtaining approval from the FDA for such potential products for the same indication for a period of time. If our potential products fail to capture and maintain market share, we may not achieve sufficient product revenues and our business will suffer.

Our employees and third party partners may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements.

We are exposed to the risk of employees’ or our third party partners’ fraud or other misconduct. Misconduct by our employees or partners could include intentional failures to comply with FDA regulations, provide accurate information to the FDA, comply with manufacturing standards, comply with federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations, report financial information or data accurately or disclose unauthorized activities to us. Employee and third party misconduct could involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our business and our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter such misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, and result in the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions against us.

Our business involves risk associated with handling hazardous and other dangerous materials.

Our research and development activities involve the controlled use of hazardous materials, chemicals, human blood and tissue, animal blood and blood products, animal tissue, and biological waste. The risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials cannot be completely eliminated. The failure to comply with current or future regulations could result in the imposition of substantial fines against the Company, suspension of production, alteration of our manufacturing processes or cessation of operations.

Risks Related to the Securities Markets and Investment in our Securities.

Our shares of common stock are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, but we cannot guarantee that we will be able to comply with the continued listing standards or satisfy the continued listing standards going forward, which could make it more difficult for our stockholders to sell their shares.

Our shares of common stock are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market (Nasdaq), and as such, we are required to satisfy the continued listing standards of Nasdaq to maintain our listing. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with the continued listing standards of Nasdaq, including its minimum closing bid price requirement, or satisfy the continued listing standards of Nasdaq going forward. For example, on September 26, 2023, we were notified by Nasdaq that we were not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) because our common stock failed to maintain a minimum closing bid price of $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive business days. To regain compliance, we were required to maintain a minimum closing bid price of $1.00 per share for at least 10 consecutive business days. On March 15, 2024, we received written notice from Nasdaq that we had regained compliance with the minimum closing bid price requirement.

If we are unable to comply with the continued listing standards of Nasdaq, including Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2), Nasdaq may commence delisting procedures against us, which could result in our stock being removed from listing on Nasdaq and we could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

The sale of a substantial number of shares of our common stock into the market may cause substantial dilution to our existing stockholders and the sale, actual or anticipated, of a substantial number of shares of common stock could cause the price of our common stock to decline.

We have offered and sold a considerable amount of our common stock in past financings. Any additional or anticipated sales of shares by us, holders of our warrants to purchase common stock or other stockholders may cause the trading price of our common stock to decline. Additional issuances of shares by us may result in dilution to the interests of other holders of our common stock. The sale of a substantial number of shares of our common stock by us, our warrant holders or other stockholders or anticipation of such sales, could make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we might otherwise wish to effect sales.

The trading price of our common stock has been and is likely to continue to be volatile.

Our stock price is highly volatile. In addition to the factors discussed in this Quarterly Report, the trading price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control including:

In addition, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many healthcare companies. Stock prices of many healthcare companies have fluctuated in a manner unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. As a result, an investment in our common stock may decrease in value.

We have never paid dividends and we do not anticipate paying dividends in the future.

We have never declared or paid dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the growth, development, operation and expansion of our business, and we do not anticipate declaring or paying any dividends for the foreseeable future. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be stockholders’ sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.

The ownership of our common stock may become concentrated among a small number of stockholders, and if our principal stockholders, directors and officers choose to act together, they may be able to significantly influence management and operations, which may prevent us from taking actions that may be favorable to stockholders.

Our ownership may become concentrated among a small number of stockholders. These stockholders, acting together, could have the ability to exert substantial influence over all matters requiring approval by our stockholders, including the election and removal of directors and any proposed merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. This concentration of ownership could also have the effect of delaying, deferring, or preventing a change in control of the Company or impeding a merger or consolidation, takeover or other business combination that could be favorable to stockholders.

If we are unable to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in the future, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the trading price of our common stock may be negatively affected.

We are required to maintain internal controls over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal controls. If we identify material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, or if we are unable to comply with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner or assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the trading price of our common stock could be negatively affected, and we could become subject to investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources.

The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, result in litigation, and divert management’s attention.

As a public company, we are subject to certain reporting requirements, listing requirements, and other applicable securities rules and regulations. Complying with these rules and regulations has increased and will continue to increase our legal and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time consuming or costly and increase demand on our systems and resources. As a result, management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could materially and adversely affect our business and operating results. In addition, a change in our filer status could trigger a requirement to begin complying with Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and our independent registered public accounting firm would have to evaluate and report on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, increasing our costs. We may also need to hire additional employees or engage outside consultants to comply with these requirements, which will also increase our costs and expenses.

By disclosing information in this and in future filings required of a public company, our business and financial condition will become more visible, which has resulted in, and may in the future result in, threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If those claims are successful, our business could be seriously harmed. Even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, the time and resources needed to resolve them could divert our management’s resources and seriously harm our business.

Our Stockholder Rights Agreement, the anti-takeover provisions in our governing documents and Delaware law could delay or prevent a change in control which could reduce the market price of our common stock and could prevent or frustrate attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management and the current Board.

Our Stockholder Rights Agreement, which we adopted in May 2014, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, as amended, and our amended and restated bylaws contain provisions that could delay or prevent a change in control or changes in our Board that our stockholders might consider favorable. These provisions include a staggered Board, which divides the Board into three classes, with directors in each class serving staggered three-year terms. The existence of a staggered board can make it more difficult for a third party to effect a takeover of our Company if the incumbent Board does not support the transaction. These and other provisions in our corporate documents, including our Shareholder Rights Plan and Delaware law might discourage, delay or prevent a change in control or changes in our Board. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for activist investors and other stockholders to elect directors not nominated by our Board. Furthermore, the existence of these provisions, together with certain provisions of Delaware law, might hinder or delay an attempted takeover other than through negotiations with our Board.

Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes.

Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for certain actions. The exclusive forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes, which may discourage lawsuits. In addition, there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce such a provision. If a court were to find these types of provisions to be inapplicable or unenforceable, and if a court were to find the exclusive forum provision in our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, which could materially and adversely affect our business.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our common stock and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. Multiple securities and industry analysts currently cover us. If one or more of the analysts downgrade our common stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our common stock would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common stock could decrease, which could cause the price of our common stock and trading volume to decline.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

In the ordinary course of our business, we use, store, and transmit digitally confidential, sensitive, proprietary, personal, and health-related information. The secure maintenance of this information and our information technology systems is important to our operations and business strategy. To this end, we have implemented processes designed to assess, identify, and manage risks from potential unauthorized occurrences on or through our information technology systems that may result in adverse effects on the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of these systems and the data residing therein. These processes are managed and monitored by a third-party information technology vendor, which is overseen by our Senior Vice President of Administration, and include mechanisms, controls, technologies, systems, and other processes designed to prevent or mitigate data loss, theft, misuse, or other security incidents or vulnerabilities affecting the data and maintain a stable information technology environment. For example, we conduct vulnerability and data penetration testing, regularly review third party audits of our cloud-based technology vendors and perform ongoing regular risk assessments. We also conduct periodic employee training on cyber and information security, among other topics. In addition, to our third-party information technology vendor, we also consult with outside advisors and experts, when appropriate, to assist with assessing, identifying, and managing cybersecurity risks, including to anticipate future threats and trends, and their impact on the Company’s risk environment.

Our Senior Vice President of Administration who reports directly to the Chief Executive Officer and has over seven years of experience managing information technology and cybersecurity matters, together with our senior leadership team, is responsible for assessing and managing cybersecurity risks. We consider cybersecurity, along with other significant risks that we face, within our overall enterprise risk management framework. In the last fiscal year, we have not identified risks from known cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any prior cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected us, but we face certain ongoing cybersecurity risks threats that, if realized, are reasonably likely to materially affect us. Additional information on cybersecurity risks we face is

discussed in “PART I, ITEM 1A, RISK FACTORS,” under the heading “If we experience a significant disruption in our information technology systems or breaches of data security, our business could be adversely affected.”

The Board of Directors, as a whole, has oversight for the most significant risks facing us and for our processes to identify, prioritize, assess, manage, and mitigate those risks. The Board receives at least quarterly updates on cybersecurity and information technology matters and related risk exposures from our Senior Vice President, Administration as well as other members of the senior leadership team.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

As of December 31, 2023, we leased a total of approximately 200 square feet of office space in one location in Seattle, Washington, from WW 107 Spring Street LLC. We believe that our current facilities will be adequate to meet our needs for the next 12 months, and we anticipate that additional space will be available, when needed, on commercially reasonable terms. The information set forth in “PART II, ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS – Commercial Lease Agreement” is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are, and from time to time we may become, involved in legal proceedings or be subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. For a discussion of our legal proceedings, see Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. We are not presently a party to any other legal proceedings that in the opinion of our management, if determined adversely to us, would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information

Our common stock, par value $0.18 per share, trades on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “ATOS.”

Stockholders

As of March 15, 2024, there were approximately 41 stockholders of record of our common stock, one of which is Cede & Co., a nominee for Depository Trust Company (DTC). All of the shares of common stock held by brokerage firms, banks and other financial institutions as nominees for beneficial owners are deposited into participant accounts at DTC and are therefore considered to be held of record by Cede & Co. as one stockholder.

Dividends

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock and do not currently anticipate declaring or paying cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to finance the growth and development of our business. Any future determination relating to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors and depends on a number of factors, including future earnings, capital requirements, financial conditions, future prospects, contractual restrictions and other factors that our Board of Directors may deem relevant.

Issuer Purchases of Securities

We did not repurchase any of our equity securities during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

ITEM 6. RESERVED

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Overview

The following discussion of the financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements, which are based on assumptions about the future of our business. Actual results and outcomes could differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements. Please read “Forward-Looking Statements” included elsewhere in this Annual Report for additional information regarding forward-looking statements.

Company Overview

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing proprietary innovative medicines in areas of significant unmet medical need in oncology, with a focus on women’s breast cancer and other breast conditions. Our lead drug candidate under development is oral (Z)-endoxifen, which we are developing for both the prevention and treatment of breast cancer.

We have been granted three U.S. patents and one international patent covering our proprietary (Z)-endoxifen, and we have numerous applications pending in the U.S. and in other major countries. We have patent protection covering our proprietary (Z)-endoxifen through November 17, 2038.

Our business strategy is to advance our programs through clinical studies, including potentially with partners, and opportunistically add programs in areas of high unmet medical need through acquisition, minority investment, collaboration or internal development.

Summary of Our Leading Programs

The following is a summary of the status of our major clinical development programs as of the date of this Annual Report:

(Z)-endoxifen. (Z)-endoxifen is an active metabolite of tamoxifen, which is an FDA-approved drug to treat and prevent breast cancer in high-risk women. It is also referred to as a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM). We are developing a proprietary form of (Z)-endoxifen which is administered orally for the potential treatment of breast cancer and reduction of breast density. We have completed four Phase 1 clinical studies (including a study in men) and two Phase 2 clinical studies with our proprietary (Z)-endoxifen (including oral and topical formulations). We have also completed significant pre-clinical development and have developed clinical manufacturing capabilities through qualified third parties.

(Z)-endoxifen for Neoadjuvant Treatment of Breast Cancer. We are also developing (Z)-endoxifen to treat ER+ HER2- breast cancer in the neoadjuvant setting, which is the administration of a therapy before the main treatment, which is usually surgery. Although there are neoadjuvant treatments for breast cancers that are not ER+, there are few neoadjuvant treatments for ER+ breast cancer which comprises about 78% of all breast cancers.

In October 2022, we received authorization from the U.S. FDA for our Investigational New Drug (IND) application for oral (Z)-endoxifen. The study, “A Randomized Phase 2 Noninferiority Trial of (Z)-endoxifen and Exemestane + Goserelin as Neoadjuvant Treatment in Premenopausal Women with ER+/HER2-Breast Cancer,” also known as “EVANGELINE.” The study is an open-label, randomized, Phase 2 study designed to investigate (Z)-endoxifen for the neoadjuvant treatment of premenopausal women ages 18 and older with early stage (Grade 1 or 2) ER+/HER2- breast cancer.

The study is expected to enroll approximately 180 patients at up to 25 sites. EVANGELINE is a two-part study consisting of a PK Run-in Cohort and a Treatment Cohort. The primary objective of the Treatment Cohort is to evaluate the endocrine sensitive disease (ESD) rate, measured by Ki-67 (a proliferation marker prognostic for disease free survival), after four weeks of treatment with (Z)-endoxifen compared to treatment with current standard of care, exemestane + goserelin. Exemestane is an aromatase inhibitor designed to block the synthesis of estrogen and slow the growth of ER+ cancers. Goserelin is a medication given to block the ovaries from making estrogen, also called ovarian function suppression.

In March 2023, a second Phase 2 trial investigating oral (Z)-endoxifen as a neoadjuvant treatment for women diagnosed with locally advanced ER+ breast cancer was initiated. This trial is a study arm in the ongoing I‑SPY 2 clinical trial. The I-SPY 2 TRIAL is a collaborative effort among academic investigators from major cancer research centers across the U.S., Quantum Leap Healthcare Collaborative, the U.S. FDA, and the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) Cancer Biomarkers Consortium. Approximately 20 patients are being treated with (Z)-endoxifen for up to 24 weeks prior to surgery. Enrollment was completed in January of 2024 for the Phase 2 I-SPY clinical trial.

(Z)-endoxifen for Women with Breast Density. Mammographic breast density (MBD) is an emerging public health issue affecting over 10 million women in the U.S. alone. Dense breast tissue makes mammography less effective. When women with MBD are diagnosed with breast cancer, it is often later stage, which makes treatment outcomes suboptimal. Studies conducted by others have also shown that MBD increases the risk of developing breast cancer and that reducing MBD may reduce the incidence of breast cancer.

In December 2021, we commenced a Phase 2 study of our proprietary oral (Z)-endoxifen. The study, known as the Karisma-(Z)-endoxifen study, is a Phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study of our proprietary oral (Z)-endoxifen in healthy premenopausal women with measurable breast density. The primary objective of the study is to determine the dose-response relationship of daily (Z)-endoxifen on breast density reduction. Secondary endpoints will assess safety and tolerability. The study also includes an exploratory endpoint to assess durability of the breast density changes. The study is being conducted in Stockholm, Sweden and includes approximately 240 participants, at full enrollment, who receive daily doses of oral (Z)-endoxifen or placebo for six months after they enroll. The study fully enrolled in November 2023 and we expect primary data in the second half of 2024.

Based on input from the FDA and Swedish Medical Products Agency, reduction in MBD may not be an approvable indication unless we can demonstrate that our (Z)-endoxifen also reduces the incidence of breast cancer. We may therefore conduct additional studies of (Z)-endoxifen to assess its correlation with the risk of breast cancer and/or reduction in the incidence of new breast cancers.

(Z)-endoxifen for Ductal Carcinoma In Situ. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a pre-cancerous lesion of the breast. It rarely produces symptoms, or a breast lump one can feel, typically being detected through screening mammography. In some cases, DCIS may become invasive and spread to other tissues, but there is no way of determining which lesions will remain stable without treatment, and which will go on to become invasive. This uncertainty can result in aggressive and unnecessary treatment approaches that can have harmful side effects without significant benefit.

In October 2023, Quantum Leap Healthcare Collaborative announced the initiation of the Phase 2 DCIS: Re-Evaluating Conditions for Active Surveillance Suitability as Treatment (RECAST) study. (Z)-endoxifen is being investigated as part of this platform trial, which offers women with DCIS six months of neoadjuvant treatment with the intent of determining their suitability for long-term active surveillance without surgery. Approximately 100 patients will be treated with (Z)-endoxifen. The study incorporates both a neoadjuvant therapy phase, with patients at high risk for progression to invasive disease proceeding to surgery, followed by an extended surveillance phase for low-risk patients.

Investment in CAR-T Company. In December 2022, we closed our investment in Dynamic Cell Therapies, Inc. (DCT), a privately-held, venture capital-backed, developer of CAR-T therapies. DCT is in the pre-clinical phase of developing controllable CAR-T cells to address difficult-to-treat cancers. Its platform technology of dynamic control of engineered T-cells is designed to improve the safety, efficacy, and durability of CAR-T cell therapies. While its initial focus is hematologic malignancies, its innovative approach could also have broad applicability in solid tumors and autoimmune diseases.

Research and Development Phase

We are in the research and development phase and are not currently marketing any products. We do not anticipate generating revenue unless and until we develop and launch our pharmaceutical programs.

Commercial Lease Agreement

On November 22, 2022, we entered into an operating lease with WW 107 Spring Street LLC for office space in Seattle, Washington. We agreed to pay monthly rent of $2 thousand for a term of 12 months beginning January 1, 2023. On June 26, 2023, we terminated the existing lease without additional cost and entered a new operating lease for monthly rent of $3 thousand for a term of 12 months commencing July 1, 2023, for a larger office space at the same location.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (U.S. GAAP). The preparation of these Consolidated Financial Statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses. We base our estimates on our historical experience, known trends and events, and on various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making our judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

We believe that the following are the most critical accounting estimates used in the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Investments in Equity Securities

Our investment in DCT Series Seed Preferred Stock does not have a readily determinable fair value, so we have elected to measure the investment at cost less impairment, adjusted to fair value if there are observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment of the same issuer. As part of preparing our Consolidated Financial Statements, we considered qualitative impairment factors in determining if an impairment analysis is required. Specifically, during 2023, we considered the adverse change in the general market condition of the industry in which DCT operates and concerns about the investee’s ability to continue as a going concern, due to negative cash flows from operations. Based on these impairment indicators, we performed a fair value measurement using a dynamic options approach and an adjusted book value approach, giving each a weighting of 50% probability.

We used the dynamic options approach, which requires assumptions regarding the expected average volatility of comparable companies, the expected term of our investment, and an estimation of an appropriate risk-free interest rate over the expected term of our investment. The expected stock price volatility assumption is based upon the average historic volatility of comparable public clinical stage immunotherapy or CAR-T companies. The expected term of our investment is 3.5 years and the risk-free interest rate used is based upon prevailing short-term interest rates over the expected term of the investment.

An adjusted book value approach was also considered due to DCT's limited cash on hand, status of current fundraising efforts and the estimated timing of a deemed liquidation event occurring. This approach requires an adjustment to each balance sheet account to estimate the value upon liquidation.

Our resulting valuation concluded that the investment was impaired, and accordingly, an impairment charge of $3.0 million was recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2023. No impairment was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2022.

While assumptions used to calculate and account for the investment in non-marketable equity securities represent management’s best estimates, these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. If underlying assumptions and estimates change, our investment may be impaired further in future periods.

Research and Development Expenses

As part of the process of preparing our Consolidated Financial Statements, we are required to estimate our accrued research and development expenses. This process involves reviewing open contracts and work orders, communicating with our applicable personnel to identify services that have been performed on our behalf, and estimating the associated cost incurred for the services, including, in some cases, when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of actual costs. R&D costs are generally expensed as incurred. R&D expenses include, for example, manufacturing expense for our drugs under development, expenses associated with preclinical studies, clinical trials and associated salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation and benefits. R&D expenses also include an allocation of the CEO's salary and related benefits, including bonus and non-cash stock-based compensation expense, based on an estimate of his total hours spent on research and development activities.

We have entered into various research and development contracts with CROs, contract manufacturing organizations (CMOs) and other companies. The majority of our service providers invoice us monthly for services performed, however, payments under some of these contracts may be required in advance of the services being performed, for example when a contract requires an initial

payment at the outset of the contract. Payments made in advance of performance of services are reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as prepaid expenses.

We base our expenses related to preclinical studies and clinical trials on our estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to quotes and contracts with CROs and other companies that conduct and manage preclinical studies and clinical trials on our behalf. The financial terms of these vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment flows. There may be instances in which payments made to our vendors exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment of the expense. In accruing service fees, we estimate the time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the estimate, we adjust the accrual or prepaid expense accordingly. We estimate our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in the Consolidated Financial Statements based on facts and circumstances known to us at that time. However, additional information may become available to us, which may allow us to make a more accurate estimate in future periods. There have not been material adjustments to our estimates in the past but, if we do not identify costs that we have begun to incur or if we underestimate or overestimate the level of services performed or the costs of these services, our actual expenses could differ from our estimates.

Stock-Based Compensation

We measure all stock option awards granted to employees, non-employee directors and consultants based on the fair value on the date of grant, and we recognize compensation expense over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the award. The straight-line method of expense recognition is applied to all awards with service-only conditions. We account for forfeitures as they occur.

The fair value of each option grant is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, which requires assumptions regarding the expected volatility of the price of our common stock, the expected life of the options, an expectation regarding future dividends on our common stock, an estimate of the appropriate risk-free interest rate and the expected term. Our expected common stock price volatility assumption is based upon the historic volatility of our stock price. The expected life for stock option grants is based on an average of the contractual term of the options of 10 years with the average vesting term of one to four years. The dividend yield assumption of zero is based upon the fact that we have never paid cash dividends and presently have no intention of paying cash dividends in the future. The risk-free interest is based upon prevailing short-term interest rates over the expected lives of the options.

While assumptions used to calculate and account for stock-based compensation awards represent management’s best estimates, these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment.

Results of Operations

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

Revenue and Cost of Revenue. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had no source of revenue and no associated cost of revenue.

Operating Expenses. Total operating expenses were $31.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, which was an increase of $3.7 million, from the year ended December 31, 2022 of $27.7 million. As (Z)-endoxifen is our only product candidate for which we currently incur R&D expense we have not further disaggregated R&D expenses. Factors contributing to the increased operating expenses in the year ended December 31, 2023 are explained below.

The following table provides a breakdown of major categories within R&D expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, together with the dollar change in those categories (in thousands):

R&D Expenses. R&D expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023, were $17.3 million, an increase of $2.3 million from total R&D expenses for the year ended December 31, 2022 of $15.1 million. Key changes were as follows:

The following table provides a breakdown of major categories within General and Administrative (G&A) expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, together with the dollar change in those categories (in thousands):

G&A Expenses. G&A expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 were $14.0 million an increase of $1.4 million from total G&A expenses for year ended December 31, 2022 of $12.6 million. Key changes were as follows:

Impairment Charge on Investment in Equity Securities. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we wrote down our investment in DCT by $3.0 million due to an impairment charge. For the year ended December 31, 2022 there were no impairment charges related to our equity securities. Refer to Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report.

Interest Income. Interest income was $4.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $3.5 million from interest income of $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was due to the higher average balance invested in money market funds of $26.5 million and higher average interest rates for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year.

Income Taxes. We did not record an income tax expense or benefit for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 due to uncertainty regarding utilization of our net operating loss carryforwards and our history of losses.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have incurred net losses and negative operating cash flows since inception. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded a net loss of $30.1 million and used $20.9 million of cash in operating activities. As of December 31, 2023, we had $88.5

million in unrestricted cash and cash equivalents and working capital of $87.0 million. We believe we have sufficient cash on hand to fund our projected operating requirements for at least the next 12 months.

As of December 31, 2023, we had cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $88.6 million.

Net Cash Flows from Operating Activities. Net cash used in operating activities was $20.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to net cash used of $20.8 million for the same period in 2022, an increase of $0.1 million. Cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily related our net loss of $30.1 million, adjusted for non-cash items such as non-cash stock-based compensation expense of $4.6 million, non-cash impairment charge on investment in equity securities of $3.0 million and net cash inflows from a change in our operating assets and liabilities of $1.5 million. Cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily related to our net loss of $27.0 million, adjusted for non-cash share-based compensation expense of $6.8 million and net cash outflows from a change in our operating assets and liabilities of $0.6 million.

Net Cash Flows from Investing Activities. Net cash used in investing activities was $14 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to net cash used in investing activities of $4.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Current period cash used in investing activities was primarily related to purchases of new computers while prior period cash used in investing activities was primarily related to the investment in equity securities of $4.7 million.

Net Cash Flows from Financing Activities. Net cash used in financing activities was $1.5 million for the repurchase of common stock under the Share Repurchase Program for the year ended December 31, 2023. No cash was used in financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Funding Requirements

We expect to incur ongoing operating losses for the foreseeable future as we continue to develop our planned therapeutic programs, including related clinical studies and other programs in the pipeline. Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including:

If we are unable to raise additional capital when needed on reasonable terms, if at all, we could be forced to curtail or cease our operations. Our future capital uses and requirements will depend on the time and expenses needed to begin and continue clinical trials for our new drug developments.

Additional funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. Continued uncertain market and macroeconomic conditions, including due to inflationary pressures, high interest rates, general economic slowdown or a recession, the prospect of a shutdown of the U.S. federal government, foreign exchange rate volatility, financial institution instability, changes in monetary policy and increasing geopolitical instability, may limit our ability to access capital. In addition, the terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of our stockholders. For example, we may raise additional funds by issuing equity securities or by equity offerings, collaboration agreements, debt financings or licensing arrangements.

If adequate funds are not available, we may be required to terminate, significantly modify or delay our development programs, reduce our planned commercialization efforts, or obtain funds through collaborators that may require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or product candidates that we might otherwise seek to develop or commercialize independently. Further, we may elect to raise additional funds even before we need them if we believe the conditions for raising capital are favorable.

Although we submitted a proposal to our stockholders to amend our amended and restated certificate of incorporation to increase the number of authorized shares of our common stock for various potential purposes, including potential capital raising transactions, our stockholders did not approve the proposal at our 2021 and 2022 annual meetings of stockholders nor did they approve it at a special meeting of stockholders held in September 2021. A lack of authorized shares may limit our ability to raise capital when needed.

On September 26, 2023, we were notified by Nasdaq that we were not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) because our common stock failed to maintain a minimum closing bid price of $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive business days. To regain compliance, we were required to maintain a minimum closing bid price of $1.00 per share for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days. On March 15, 2024, we received written notice from Nasdaq that we had regained compliance with the minimum closing bid price requirement under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2).

Contractual Obligations

Our contractual obligations represent our future cash commitments and liabilities under agreements with third party clinical trial service providers. Apart from contracts with a third party clinical trial service provider, such agreements are cancellable upon written notice by us. The non-cancellable contracts expire upon completion of the clinical trial and release of the final report, or the contract may be terminated by the clinical trial service provider, by the FDA or another governmental agency. As of December 31, 2023, our estimated non-cancellable commitment was $6.1 million which will be paid over the term of the clinical trials which are expected to be complete in 2025.

Share Repurchase Program

In June 2023, our Board of Directors (the Board) authorized a program to repurchase up to $10.0 million of our common stock (the Share Repurchase Program). The Share Repurchase Program does not obligate us to acquire any specific number of shares. Under the Share Repurchase Program, shares of common stock may be repurchased using a variety of methods, including privately negotiated and/or open market transactions, including under plans complying with Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act, as part of accelerated share repurchases and other methods. The timing, manner, price and amount of any repurchases are determined by the Board in its discretion and depend on a variety of factors, including legal requirements, price and economic and market conditions. The program was originally set to expire on December 31, 2023, however, on December 18, 2023 the Board authorized an extension of the program through December 31, 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2023, 1,320,046 shares were repurchased under the Share Repurchase Program for a total cost of $1.5 million. As of December 31, 2023, $8.5 million remained available for future stock repurchases under the Share Repurchase Program.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not currently have, nor have we ever had, any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. In addition, we do not engage in trading activities involving non-exchange traded contracts.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This standard requires disclosure of significant segment expenses and other segment items by reportable segment. The ASU becomes effective for annual periods beginning in 2024 and interim periods in 2025. We are currently assessing the potential impact of this ASU.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This standard enhances disclosures related to income taxes, including the rate reconciliation and information on income taxes paid. The ASU becomes effective January 1, 2025. We are currently assessing the potential impact of this ASU.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide the information required by this item pursuant to Item 305(e) of Regulation S-K.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

The financial statements required by this item are set forth beginning on page 64 of this Annual Report and are incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023, pursuant to Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act).

Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports that are filed or furnished under the Exchange Act are recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to

ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or furnished under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (pursuant to Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Our internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the Framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation under this framework, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023. Because we are a non-accelerated filer, our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to attest to or issue a report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended December 31, 2023, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

(a) Announcement of 2024 Annual Stockholders’ Meeting Date and Related Information

We intend to hold our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “2024 Annual Meeting”) on June 27, 2024. Because the date of the 2024 Annual Meeting has been changed by more than 30 days from the anniversary of our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, the deadline for the submission of stockholder proposals for inclusion in our proxy materials relating to the 2024 Annual Meeting in accordance with Rule 14a-8 under the Exchange Act will be the close of business (6:00 p.m. Pacific Time) on April 15, 2024, which we believe is a reasonable time before we expect to begin to print and send our proxy materials. Any proposal received after such date will be considered untimely.

(b) Trading Plans

During the quarter ended December 31, 2023, no director or Section 16 officer adopted or terminated any Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements (in each case, as defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K).

ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not applicable.

PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (the “Code of Conduct”) that applies to all of our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive, principal financial and principal accounting officers, or persons performing similar functions. Our Code of Conduct is posted on our website located at https://atossatherapeutics.com/investors/ under “Governance.” We intend to disclose future amendments to certain provisions of the Code of Conduct, and waivers of the Code of Conduct granted to executive officers and directors, on the website within four business days following the date of the amendment or waiver.

DIRECTORS

The Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company provides that our Board is to be divided into three classes nearly equal in number as reasonably possible, with directors in each class serving three-year terms. The total Board size is currently fixed at seven directors. The Class I directors (whose terms expire at the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders) are Steven C. Quay, M.D., Ph.D. and Jonathan Finn, C.F.A. The Class II directors (whose terms expire at the 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders) are Stephen J. Galli, M.D., Richard I. Steinhart and Tessa Cigler, M.D., M.P.H. The Class III directors (whose terms expire at the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders) are Shu-Chih Chen, Ph.D. and H. Lawrence Remmel, Esq.

There are no family relationships among any of our directors or executive officers, except for Dr. Chen, who is married to Dr. Quay.

(1) As of April 1, 2024

Class I Directors

Steven C. Quay, MD., Ph.D. Steven C. Quay, M.D., Ph.D. has served as Chief Executive Officer, President and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Company since the Company was incorporated in April 2009. Dr. Quay is certified in Anatomic Pathology with the American Board of Pathology, completed both an internship and residency in anatomic pathology at Massachusetts General Hospital, a Harvard Medical School teaching hospital, and is a former faculty member of the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine. Dr. Quay is a named inventor on 90 U.S. patents, 862 published US and international patent applications, and is named inventor on patents covering seven pharmaceutical products that have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Dr. Quay received an M.D. in 1977 and a Ph.D. in 1975 from the University of Michigan. He received his B.A. degree in biology, chemistry and mathematics from Western Michigan University in 1971. He is a director and the Chair of the Governance Committee, of the Taipei-American School in Taipei, Taiwan. He was selected to serve on the Company’s Board of Directors because of his role as a founder of the Company, as well as his qualifications as a physician and the principal researcher overseeing the research, preclinical, clinical and regulatory development of the Company’s pharmaceutical programs.

Jonathan Finn, C.F.A. Jonathan Finn has served as a director of the Company since November 2023. Mr. Finn has worked at Vantage Consulting Group, an investment advisory firm, since 1995 and served as Executive Vice President and Chief Investment Officer at Vantage since 2005. In this role, he directs investment strategy, asset allocation, manager selection and portfolio construction. Mr. Finn is also a Founding Partner of Scientia Ventures, a manager of venture capital funds that invest in companies targeting computational biology and chemistry, the digitization of medicine, digital therapies, and traditional drug development businesses at the cutting edge of the life sciences industry and has served in this role since 2006. Earlier in his career, Mr. Finn was a portfolio manager for the Lindner family of mutual funds, serving as co-manager for the Small Cap and Asset Allocation funds from 2000 to 2001. He currently serves as director of Verigraft AB, a regenerative medicine venture, Rose Pharma LLC, a development stage specialty pain company, and Solör Bioenergy Holdings AB, a bioenergy business. Mr. Finn has a B.A. in Economics from the University of Virginia and holds the Chartered Financial Analyst designation. Mr. Finn has been selected to serve on the Company’s Board of Directors because of his qualifications as a business executive and his familiarity with investment strategy in the biotechnology sector.

Class II Directors

Stephen J. Galli, M.D. Dr. Galli has served as a director of the Company since July 2011. Dr. Galli has been a Professor of Pathology and of Microbiology & Immunology and the Mary Hewitt Loveless, M.D., Professor, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California since February 1999. He served as Chair of the Department of Pathology at Stanford University School of Medicine from 1999 to 2016. Before joining Stanford, he was on the faculty of Harvard Medical School. He holds 16 U.S. patents and has over 490 publications. He is past president of the American Society for Investigative Pathology, past president of the Collegium Internationale Allergologicum, and past president of the Pluto Club (Association of University Pathologists). In addition to receiving several awards for his research, and being elected to the National Academy of Medicine (USA), the Accademia Nazionale de Lincei (Rome, Italy), and the American Clinical and Climatological Association, he was recognized with the 2010 Stanford University President’s Award for Excellence through Diversity for his recruitment and support of women and underrepresented minorities at Stanford University. He received his B.A. degree in biology, magna cum laude, from Harvard College in 1968 and his M.D. degree from Harvard Medical School in 1973 and completed a residency in anatomic pathology at the Massachusetts General Hospital in 1977. Dr. Galli has been selected to serve on the Company’s Board of Directors because of his qualifications as a professor and physician, and his specialized expertise as a pathologist.

Richard I. Steinhart. Mr. Steinhart has served as a director of the Company since March 2014. Mr. Steinhart is currently the Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of BioXcel Therapeutics, Inc., a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company, which he joined in October 2017. From October 2015 to June 2017, he was Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Remedy Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a privately held pharmaceuticals company. From January 2014 until he joined Remedy Pharmaceuticals, Mr. Steinhart acted as an independent financial consultant to various companies in the biotechnology and medical device industries. From April 2006 to December 2013, Mr. Steinhart was an executive at MELA Sciences, Inc., serving as its Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary. From 1992 to 2006, Mr. Steinhart was Managing Director at Forest St. Capital/SAE Ventures. Earlier, he served as Vice President and Chief Financial Officer at Emisphere Technologies from 1991 to 1992 and as General Partner and Chief Financial Officer of CW Group Inc. Mr. Steinhart is a Member of the Board of Directors of Actinium Pharmaceuticals where he is Chairman of the Audit Committee. From 2004 to 2012, Mr. Steinhart was a Member of the Board of Directors of Manhattan Pharmaceuticals and was Chairman of the Audit Committee. Mr. Steinhart received his B.B.A. and M.B.A. degrees from Pace University. Mr. Steinhart has been selected to serve on the Company's Board of Directors because of his qualifications as a business executive and audit committee financial expert, and his prior experience as a Chief Financial Officer, director and committee member of public companies.

Tessa Cigler, M.D., M.P.H. Dr. Cigler joined the Company as a director in March 2024. Dr. Cigler is a medical oncologist whose work is dedicated to the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Dr. Cigler joined the Cornell faculty in August 2007 as a medical oncologist and clinical investigator at the Weill Cornell Breast Center. As a member of the Weill Cornell Breast Center research team, she heads several clinical trials. Dr. Cigler received her undergraduate degree from Harvard College, and her M.D. from Duke University School of Medicine. She also holds a Master’s in Public Health from the Harvard School of Public Health. She completed her residency in Internal Medicine at New York Presbyterian Hospital Weill Cornell Medical Center, followed by a fellowship in Medical Oncology and Hematology at the Dana-Farber Harvard Cancer Center.

Class III Directors

Shu-Chih Chen, Ph.D. Dr. Chen has served as a director since April 2009. She was a founder of the Company and served as Chief Scientific Officer of the Company since it was incorporated in April 2009 through August 2014. Prior to joining the Company, she was an Associate Professor at National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, and served as the principal investigator of an NIH RO1 grant, studying tumor suppression by gap junction protein connexin 43, at the Department of Molecular Medicine at Northwest Hospital, Seattle, WA. She has two issued U.S. patents and 20 pending U.S. patent applications related to cancer therapeutics. Dr. Chen received her Ph.D. degree in microbiology and public health from Michigan State University in 1992 and has published extensively on molecular oncology. She received her B.S. degree in medical technology from National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan in 1984. Dr. Chen has been selected to serve on the Company’s Board of Directors because of her role as a founder of the Company and her qualifications in medical technology and as a professor and researcher in the field of cancer therapeutics.

H. Lawrence Remmel, Esq. Mr. Remmel has served as a director of the Company since February 2012. He is currently a partner of the law firm Pryor Cashman LLP, located in New York City, where he chairs the Banking and Finance practice group. Mr. Remmel joined Pryor Cashman in 1988. His practice includes corporate and banking financings, issues relating to the Investment Company Act of 1940, and intellectual property and licensing issues, in particular in the biotechnology and biocosmeceutical areas. Mr. Remmel previously served on the Board of Advisors of CytoDel, LLC, an early-stage bio-pharmaceutical company developing products for bio-defense, neuronal drug delivery, and musculoskeletal and aesthetic medicine. In February 2018, he became a director of CytoDel, Inc., the successor to CytoDel LLC. In March 2019 he became a director of Aufbau Holdings Limited, an Irish limited company, developing therapeutics in ophthalmology and other areas. He was an associate of the law firm Reboul, MacMurray, Hewitt, Maynard & Kristol from 1984 to 1988, and began his legal career at Carter, Ledyard & Milburn, where he was an associate from 1979 to 1984. He was admitted to the New York bar in 1980 and is a member of the New York State Bar Association. He received his J.D. from the Washington & Lee University School of Law in 1979 and his B.A. from Princeton University in 1975. He currently is a doctoral candidate in the Graduate School of Life Sciences of the University of Utrecht, in the Department of Clinical and Translational Oncology, with a thesis project in hyperplasia and early-stage breast cancer. Mr. Remmel has been selected to serve on the Company’s

Board of Directors because of his substantial experience as a corporate attorney advising biotechnology companies and his familiarity with the fiduciary duties and the regulatory requirements affecting publicly traded companies.

Board of Directors Transition

On October 5, 2023, Greg Weaver resigned from his role as our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer and as a member of our Board and Heather Rees succeeded Greg Weaver as SVP, Finance and Accounting and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer. On November 8, 2023, Jonathan Finn was appointed by the Board to succeed Greg Weaver to serve as a Class I director until the Company’s 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. On March 9, 2024, the Board expanded its size and appointed Dr. Tessa Cigler to the Board to serve as a Class II director until the Company’s 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

Compensation Committee Interlocks

None of the members of our Compensation Committee has at any time during the prior three years been one of our officers or employees. None of our executive officers currently serves, or in the past fiscal year has served, as a member of the board or compensation committee of any entity that has one or more executive officers serving on our Board or Compensation Committee.

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

Our current executive officers and their respective ages and positions are set forth in the following table.

(1) As of April 1, 2024

(2) For Dr. Quay's biographical information, see “Directors” above.

Heather Rees., CPA (inactive). Heather Rees has served as the Company’s Senior Vice President, Finance and Principal Accounting Officer since 2023. Prior to that time, Ms. Rees served as the Company’s Vice President of Finance & Accounting since 2021 and controller since 2017. Ms. Rees previously spent ten years working as an independent financial consultant serving public and private companies. She began her career with Deloitte & Touche and worked for nine years in the audit practice. Ms. Rees earned a Bachelor of Business Administration in Accounting from Gonzaga University.

Audit Committee and Audit Committee Financial Expert

Our Board has a separately designated Audit Committee comprised solely of independent directors. Mr. Steinhart qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert,” as that term is defined in the rules and regulations established by the SEC, and all members of the Audit Committee are “financially literate” under Nasdaq listing rules.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

DIRECTOR COMPENSATION

Non-employee director compensation is generally reviewed and set annually at the Board meeting held in connection with the Annual Stockholder Meeting. The non-employee directors of the Company received the following for service on the Board from May 2023 through May 2024:

The Compensation Committee has engaged Aon Consulting Inc. to provide advice regarding the amount and form of director compensation. Based on their compensation analysis, and to more closely align with our peers, the annual grant of options was increased in May 2023 from 50,000 shares to 125,000 shares. All other Board compensation was unchanged.

In addition to the above, annual compensation for service on the Audit Committee is $20,000 for the Chair and $15,000 for each committee member, paid in cash quarterly. Annual compensation for service on the Compensation Committee and Nominating and Governance Committee is $15,000 for the Chair and $10,000 for each committee member, paid in cash quarterly. The independent board members are also reimbursed on a case-by-case basis up to a pre-set amount for actual out of pocket expenses for graduate level course work in fields related to the business of the Company, though no such reimbursements were made with respect to 2023.

The employee directors receive no compensation for their board service. Pursuant to the policies of Pryor Cashman, the law firm of which Mr. Remmel is a partner, the compensation Mr. Remmel receives for his services as a director (other than expense reimbursement) is paid to the firm directly. All directors receive reimbursement for reasonable travel expenses. The following table sets forth information regarding compensation earned by our non-employee directors during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023:

EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

Remuneration of Officers

Our Compensation Committee is responsible for reviewing and evaluating key executive employee base salaries, setting goals and objectives for executive bonuses and administering benefit plans. The Compensation Committee provides advice and recommendations to our Board of Directors on such matters.

Summary Compensation Table

The following table sets forth the compensation earned by our President and Chief Executive Officer and Senior Vice President of Finance and Accounting, and our two former Chief Financial Officers (together, the “2023 Named Executive Officers”) for fiscal year 2023 and, in the case of Dr. Quay and Mr. Guse, fiscal year 2022:

Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End

The following table shows information regarding our outstanding equity awards at December 31, 2023 for the 2023 Named Executive Officers under the Company’s Incentive Plans: